Juvenile Delinquency Mainstream and Crosscurrents

Offering a highly analytical yet balanced approach, Juvenile Delinquency: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, Third Edition, encourages students to think critically about important real-world issues including the effects of inequality, race, class, and gender on juvenile delinquency and the juvenile justice system. Lively, engaging, and accessible, it is ideal for juvenile delinquency courses in both criminal justice and sociology departments.

FEATURES

A critical approach highlighting issues of race, class, gender, and inequality

Straightforward explanations of theory, history, gender, and international issues

"Crosscurrents" boxes on engaging and controversial challenges in the field

Rich pedagogical features including critical-thinking questions as captions for photos, "Focus on Ethics" boxes, and Learning Objectives that are keyed to the Summary tables

An online Ancillary Resource Center (ARC) containing an Instructor's Manual, a Computerized Test Bank, and PowerPoint-based lecture slides

An open-access Companion Website at www.oup.com/us/fuller that provides additional resources for students

John Randolph Fuller is Professor Emeritus of Criminology at the University of West Georgia, where he taught for more than thirty years. He is the author of several books, including Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, Third Edition (OUP, 2013).

Preface
Acknowledgements
PART I: Juvenile Delinquency
Chapter 1: WHAT IS A JUVENILE DELINQUENT?
THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF CHILDHOOD
Defining the Terms
Transition or Rebellion
Parens Patriae and the Law
Adolescents and Juvenile Delinquency
MEASURING DELINQUENCY
Defining Crime and Delinquency
The Dark Figure of Crime
Measurement Tools
The Uniform Crime Reports
The National Incident-based Reporting System
The National Crime Victimization Survey
Self-report Studies
Measures of Youths as Victims and Offenders
Youths as Victims
A Typology of Juvenile Delinquents
THE SYSTEM OF LAST RESORT
Growing Up Too Soon
Are We Waging a War on Children?
Chapter 2: THE CONTROL OF CHILDREN
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CONCEPT OF CHILDHOOD
Acquiring Adulthood
Leaving Home at an Early Age
REFORMING THE LIVES OF CHILDREN
The Child-savers
Orphan Trains
Orphanages, Houses of Refuge, and Reform Schools
The Progressive Era
THE CHANGING NATURE OF CHILDHOOD
Modern Childhood
Trends in Delinquency and Juvenile Justice
PART II: Theories of Delinquency
Chapter 3: THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF CRIME AND DELINQUENCY
WHAT GOOD IS THEORY AND WHAT IS GOOD THEORY?
The Importance of Theory
The Scientific Method and Social Science
SPIRITUAL EXPLANATIONS OF CRIME AND DELINQUENCY
THE CLASSICAL SCHOOL OF CRIMINOLOGY
History of the Classical School
Cesare Beccaria
Jeremy Bentham
Deterrence Theory
What Is Deterrence?
Deterrence and Juveniles
The Classical School of Criminology Today
Rational Choice Theory
Shock Deterrence
Shock Incarceration
Scared Straight-style Programs
Can Modern Deterrence Work?
THE POSITIVIST SCHOOL OF CRIMINOLOGY
History of the Positivist School
Positivism and Juveniles
Chapter 4: BIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES OF DELINQUENCY
BIOLOGICAL THEORIES
Early Biological Theories of Crime
William Sheldon and Body Types
Franz Joseph Gall and Phrenology
Heredity
Studies of Twins and Adopted Children
Heredity and Behavior
Differential Susceptibility Hypothesis
Neurotransmitters
Hormones
Biosocial Theory
PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES
Piaget's Cognitive Development
Moral Development
Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development
Gilligan's Theory of Moral Development
Intelligence and Delinquency
Psychodynamic Perspective
Freud, Personality, and Delinquent Behavior
Erikson's Psychosocial Theory
Is There an Antisocial Personality?
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
Conduct Disorder and Oppositional Defiant Disorder
Chapter 5: SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF DELINQUENCY
SOCIAL STRUCTURE THEORIES
SOCIAL PROCESS THEORIES
Learning Theories
Differential Association
Social Learning Theory
Techniques of Neutralization
Anomie and Strain Theory
Durkheim and Anomie
Merton and Strain
Agnew and Strain
Social Control Theory
Personality and Social Control
Containment Theory
Hirschi's Social Control Theory
SUBCULTURAL THEORIES
Delinquent Boys
Differential Opportunity Theory
Focal Concerns of the Lower Class
Subculture of Violence
The Code of the Street
SOCIAL REACTION THEORIES
Labeling Theory
Shaming Theory
Chapter 6: CRITICAL THEORIES, LIFE-COURSE, AND INTEGRATED THEORIES
Marxist Theory
Left Realism
Critical-Race Theory
Postmodern Criminology
Cultural Criminology
Peacemaking Criminology
LIFE-COURSE THEORIES
Life-course Persistent and Adolescent-limited Crime
Life-course Persistent Offenders
Adolescence-limited Offenders
Pathways and Turning Points
The Prediction Problem
INTEGRATED THEORIES
Elliott's Integrated Theory of Delinquent Behavior
Thornberry's Interactional Theory of Delinquency
Tittle's Control Balance Theory
PART III: Delinquency in Society
Chapter 7: FEMALE DELINQUENCY
GIRLS TO WOMEN: A DEVELOPMENTAL VIEW
Physical Development
Cognitive Development
Psychological and Social Development
Identity
Fitting In and Being Popular
Dating and Sex
Cutting the Strings of Parental Control
THE EXTENT AND NATURE OF FEMALE DELINQUENCY
THEORIES OF FEMALE DELINQUENCY
Biological Theories
Psychological Theories
Sociological Theories
Feminist Theories
GENDER AND THE JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM
Chapter 8: THE FAMILY AND DELINQUENCY
FUNCTIONS OF THE FAMILY
Challenges in Families Today
Child Victimization in the Family
Child Neglect
Physical Child Abuse
Sexual Child Abuse
FAMILIES AND DELINQUENCY
Divorce
Social Support
Family Conflict
Parents and Siblings
Chapter 9: SCHOOLS AND DELINQUENCY
THE PURPOSE OF SCHOOL
KEEPING CONTROL
Preventing Delinquency in School
What about the Teachers?
SCHOOL SAFETY
School Shootings
Bullying
SCHOOL FAILURE AND DELINQUENCY
Suspension and Expulsion
Dropping Out
EDUCATION AND JUVENILE DELINQUENCY
Chapter 10: YOUTH GANGS AND DELINQUENCY
WHAT IS A GANG?
Precursors to Modern Gangs
Studying Gangs
Delinquency, Peers, and Group Activity
Joining the Gang
Types of Gangs
Black and Hispanic Gangs
Asian Gangs
White Gangs
Gangs And Females
DEALING WITH GANGS
Primary Gang Prevention
Secondary Gang Prevention
Tertiary Gang Prevention
Chapter 11: SUBSTANCE ABUSE
DRUGS YOUTHS USE
Tobacco
Alcohol
Marijuana
Methamphetamine
Inhalants
Club Drugs
Prescription Drugs
Performance-Enhancing Drugs
Other Substances
WHY DO YOUTHS TAKE DRUGS?
Peer Pressure
Family
Neighborhoods
Individual Factors
DRUGS AND DELINQUENCY
The Drug Trade
Supporting a Drug Habit
PREVENTION AND TREATMENT
Prevention
Treatment
Juvenile Drug Courts
PART IV: Juvenile Justice System and Cultural Comparisons
Chapter 12: THE POLICE
A SHORT HISTORY OF JUVENILE POLICING
THE POLICE: DEALING WITH JUVENILE DELINQUENTS AND VICTIMS
Dealing with Juveniles
Specialized Juvenile Policing
Juvenile Officers
Juvenile Units
Neglected and Abused Children
Status Offenders
Violent Juveniles
PROCEDURE: WHAT THE POLICE DO
Taking into Custody
Booking
Search and Seizure
Interrogation
Miranda and Juveniles
Waiver of Miranda Rights
The Juvenile Miranda
Custody
DISCRETION: HOW THE POLICE DECIDE WHAT TO DO
Demands of the Law
Demands of the Situation
Bias
Racial Discrimination by the Police
Gender Discrimination by the Police
Controlling Police Discretion
PREVENTION: WHAT THE POLICE DO TO HELP
Community Policing
Problem-oriented Policing
Zero-tolerance Policing
Chapter 13: THE JUVENILE COURT
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE JUVENILE COURT
THE MODERN SYSTEM: ORGANIZATION AND JURISDICTION
Status Offenses
Language and Terminology
Process
KEY PLAYERS
Juveniles
Juvenile Court Judge
Prosecutor
Juvenile Defense Counsel
Juvenile Intake Officers
Juvenile Probation Officers
JUVENILE COURT PROCESS
Custody and Detention
Petitions and Summons
Juvenile Court Hearings
Preliminary Hearing
Adjudicatory Hearing
Dispositional Hearing
Jury Trials and Plea Bargaining
Jury Trial
Plea Bargaining
Due Process
Right to an attorney
Protection against Self-Incrimination
Right to Notice of Charges
Right to Confront and Cross-Examine Witnesses
Protection against Double Jeopardy
Confidentiality and Accountability
TRYING JUVENILES AS ADULTS
Blended Sentencing
Who Gets Waived to the Criminal Court?
Chapter 14: JUVENILE CORRECTIONS
COMMUNITY CORRECTIONS
Standard Probation
Intensive-supervision Probation
Electronic Monitoring
Home Confinement
Fines and Victim Compensation
Residential Treatment Programs
Foster Care
Group Homes and Halfway Houses
Alternative-experience Programs
Advantages of Residential Treatment Programs
SECURE CONFINEMENT
Jails
Detention Centers
Juvenile Correctional Facilities
State Prisons
Crowding
Suicide Prevention
Incarcerated Girls
Correctional Programs
Education
Vocational Training
Recreational Programs
Counseling and Treatment
Directive Counseling
Reentry
Chapter 15: INTERNATIONAL AND COMPARATIVE DELINQUENCY
CULTURE AND THE DISCONTENTED
JUVENILE DELINQUENCY AND JUVENILE JUSTICE IN OTHER COUNTRIES
China
India
Russia
South Africa
Japan
England and Wales
INTERNATIONAL VICTIMIZATION OF CHILDREN
Children at War
Child Prostitution
Glossary
Credits
Index
Index of Authors