Limnology: Lake and River Ecosystems

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ISBN: 9780127447605 | 0127447601
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 4/6/2001

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Limnology is the study of the structural and functional interrelationships of organisms of inland waters as they are affected by their dynamic physical, chemical, and biotic environments. Limnology: Lake and River Ecosystems, 3rd Edition, is a new edition of this established classic text. The coverage remains rigorous and uncompromising and has been thoroughly reviewed and updated with evolving recent research results and theoretical understanding. In addition, the author has expanded coverage of lakes to reservoir and river ecosystems in comparative functional analyses.

Preface

xiii

Prologue

Our Freshwater Resources

(1)

Demotechnic Growth

(2)

Human Impact on Freshwater Ecosystems

(1)

The Study of Limnology

(1)

Scientific Approaches

(1)

Search for Commonality, Not Only Differences

(1)

Altered Perspectives

(1)

Summary

(2)

Water as a Substance

The Characteristics of Water

(5)

Summary

(1)

Rivers and Lakes---Their Distribution, Origins, and Forms

Distribution of Fresh Waters

(2)

Running Waters: Lotic Ecosystems

(1)

Morphology and Flow in River Ecosystems

(4)

Groundwater Fluxes to Lakes

(1)

Geomorphology of Lake Basins

(11)

Morphology of Lake Basins

(3)

Reservoirs

(2)

Comparative Geomorphological Characteristics

(1)

Summary

(3)

Water Economy

Hydrological Cycle

(2)

Global Water Balance

(3)

Summary

(1)

Light in Inland Waters

Light as an Entity

(3)

Light Impinging on Water

(3)

Thermal Radiation in Lake Water

(1)

Transmission and Absorption of Light by Water

(7)

Transmission through Ice and Snow

(1)

Color of Natural Waters

(1)

Transparency of Water to Light

(2)

Utilization and Effects of Solar Radiation

(1)

Summary

(3)

Fate of Heat

Distribution of Heat in Rivers

(1)

Distribution of Heat in Lakes and Reservoirs

(14)

Thermal Energy Content: Heat Budgets of Lakes

(4)

Comparative Analyses: Thermal Characteristics of Rivers, Reservoirs, and Natural Lakes

(1)

Summary

(2)

Water Movements

Hydrodynamics of Water Movements

(1)

Flow of Water

(2)

In-Stream Hydraulic Movements

(6)

Surface Water Movements

102

(5)

Internal Water Movements

107

(1)

Water Movements Affecting the Whole Lake

108

(5)

Other Water Movements

113

(5)

Circulation Caused by Thermal Bars

118

(2)

Currents Generated by River Influents

120

(2)

Currents under Ice Cover

122

(2)

Hydrodynamics among Aquatic Ecosystems

124

(1)

Summary

125

(4)

Structure and Productivity of Aquatic Ecosystems

The Drainage Basin Concept

129

(1)

Streams and Rivers

130

(1)

Lake Ecosystem Concept

130

(4)

Population Growth and Regulation

134

(2)

Community Structure and Interrelationships

136

(1)

Ecosystem Interrelationships

137

(2)

Detritus: Dead Organic Matter and Detrital Dynamic Structure

139

(3)

Productivity

142

(7)

Summary

149

(2)

Oxygen

The Oxygen Content of Inland Waters

151

(1)

Solubility of Oxygen in Water

151

(2)

Distribution of Dissolved Oxygen in Running Waters

153

(1)

Distribution of Dissolved Oxygen in Lakes

154

(4)

Variations in Oxygen Distributions

158

(6)

Hypolimnetic Oxygen Depletion Rates

164

(3)

Summary

167

(2)

Salinity of Inland Waters

Ionic Composition of Surface Waters

169

(1)

Salinity Distribution in World Surface Waters and Control Mechanisms

170

(3)

Sources of Salinity

173

(3)

Distribution of Major Ions in Fresh Waters

176

(8)

Salinity, Osmoregulation, and Distribution of Biota

184

(2)

Summary

186

(1)

The Inorganic Carbon Comples

The Occurrence of Inorganic Carbon in Freshwater Systems

187

(5)

Hydrogen Ion Activity

192

(1)

Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Total Inorganic Carbon and pH in Rivers and Lakes

193

(5)

Hypolimnetic CO2 Accumulation in Relation to Lake Metabolism

198

(2)

Utilization of Carbon by Algae and Macrophytes

200

(3)

Summary

203

(2)

The Nitrogen Cycle

Sources and Transformations of Nitrogen in Water

205

(7)

Inorganic and Organic Nitrogen

212

(8)

Seasonal Distribution of Nitrogen

220

(4)

Carbon-to-Nitrogen Ratios

224

(1)

Summary of the Nitrogen Cycle

225

(2)

Nitrogen Budgets

227

(3)

Nitrogen Dynamics in Streams and Rivers

230

(5)

Summary

235

(4)

The Phosphorus Cycle

Phosphorus in Fresh Waters

239

(1)

The Distribution of Organic and Inorganic Phosphorus in Lakes and Streams

240

(2)

Phosphorus Cycling in Running Waters

242

(3)

Phosphorus and the Sediments: Internal Loading

245

(13)

Phosphorus Cycling within the Epilimnion

258

(8)

Algal Requirements for Phosphorus

266

(3)

Humans and the Phosphorus Cycle in Lakes

269

(10)

Phosphorus and Nitrogen Loading and Algal Productivity

279

(7)

Summary

286

(3)

Iron, Sulfur, and Silica Cycles

Biogeochemical Cycling of Essential Micronutrients

289

(1)

Oxidation - Reduction Potentials in Freshwater Systems

289

(2)

Iron and Managanese Cycling in Lakes

291

(11)

Bacterial Transformations of Iron and Manganese

302

(3)

Minor Elements

305

(5)

The Sulfur Cycle

310

(13)

The Silica Cycle

323

(5)

Summary

328

(4)

Planktonic Communities: Algae and Cyanobacteria

Composition of the Algae of Phytoplanktonic Associations

332

(6)

The Importance of Size: Small is Beautiful and Productive

338

(1)

Phytoplanktonic Communities

339

(2)

Growth Characteristics of Phytoplankton

341

(13)

Organic Micronutrient Requirements

354

(2)

Heterotrophy of Organic Carbon by Algae and Cyanobacteria

356

(2)

Other Effects of Dissolved Organic Matter

358

(8)

Seasonal Succession of Phytoplankton

366

(4)

Competitive Interactions and Successional Diversity

370

(1)

Phytoplankton in the Gradient along Rivers, Reservoirs, and Lakes: Diversity and Biomass

371

(2)

Vertical Distribution and Maximum Growth in Lakes and Reservoirs

373

(2)

Primary Production of Phytoplankton

375

(14)

Phytoplankton among Aquatic Ecosystems

389

(1)

Summary

390

(6)

Planktonic Communities: Zooplankton and Their Interactions with Fish

Zooplankton

396

(1)

Protozoa and Other Protists

396

(12)

Trophic Relationships of Protists in Pelagic Food Webs

408

(4)

General Characteristics of Rotifers, Cladocera, and Copepods

412

(4)

Food, Feeding, and Food Selectivity

416

(12)

Reproduction and Life Histories

428

(5)

Seasonal Population Dynamics

433

(3)

Rotifer Population Dynamics

436

(3)

Cladoceran Population Dynamics

439

(3)

Copepod Population Dynamics

442

(4)

Parasitism and Zooplankton Population Dynamics

446

(1)

Zooplankton Distribution in Reservoirs and in Floodplain Lakes

446

(1)

Zooplankton Distribution in Tropical Fresh Waters

447

(1)

Zooplankton Distribution in Flowing Waters

448

(1)

Vertical Migration and Spatial Distribution

448

(7)

Horizontal Variations in Distribution

455

(1)

Cyclomorphosis and Predation among the Zooplankton

456

(4)

Fish within Aquatic Ecosystems

460

(8)

Zooplankton Production

468

(14)

Zooplankton among Aquatic Ecosystems

482

(2)

Summary

484

(6)

Bacterioplankton

The Organic Carbon Cycle

490

(1)

Distribution of Bacterioplankton

491

(7)

Control of Bacterioplankton by Resource Availability and Environmental Factors

498

(2)

Decomposition of Dissolved Organic Matter

500

(8)

Control of Bacterioplankton by Biota

508

(2)

Biotically Released Dissolved Organic Matter

510

(3)

Decomposition of Particulate Organic Detritus

513

(6)

Productivity of Bacterioplankton

519

(3)

Comparison of Bacterioplankton among Aquatic Ecosystems

522

(2)

Summary

524

(4)

Land -- Water Interfaces: Larger Plants

Aquatic Macrophytes of the Littoral Zone and Wetlands

528

(1)

Aquatic Plant Characteristics

529

(6)

Metabolism by Aquatic Macrophytes

535

(14)

Rates of Photosynthesis and Depth Distribution of Macrophytes

549

(4)

Primary Productivity of Macrophytes

553

(19)

Summary

572

(6)

Land -- Water Interfaces: Attached Microorganisms, Littoral Algae, and Zooplankton

Attached Microbes and Algae of Littoral Regions

578

(24)

Metabolic Interactions in the Littoral Regions

602

(3)

Productivity of Littoral Algae

605

(12)

Periphyton among Aquatic Ecosystems

617

(2)

Littoral Zooplankton Communities

619

(2)

Summary

621

(4)

Shallow Lakes and Ponds

Origins and Distribution

625

(1)

Characteristics

625

(1)

Invasion and Growth of Macrophytes

626

(1)

Shifts between Macrophyte and Phytoplankton Dominance

626

(2)

Temporary Ponds, Pools, and Streams

628

(2)

Summary

630

(1)

Sediments and Microflora

General Composition of Sediments

631

(2)

Resuspension and Redeposition of Sediments

633

(2)

Microflora of Sediments and Rates of Decomposition

635

(4)

Anaerobic Decomposition in Sediments

639

(12)

Littoral Decomposition and Microbial Metabolism

651

(6)

Degradation of Particulate Organic Matter in Sediments of Running Waters

657

(3)

Degradation of Dissolved Organic Matter in Sediments of Running Waters

660

(2)

Summary

662

(3)

Benthic Animals and Fish Communities

Benthic Animal Communities

665

(30)

Aquatic Insects

695

(7)

Littoral and Profundal Benthic Communities of Lakes

702

(8)

Stream Benthic Communities

710

(4)

Reservoir Benthic Communities

714

(1)

Production of Invertebrate Benthic Fauna

715

(6)

Fish Predation and Other Mortality of Benthic Fauna

721

(3)

Fish Production Rates

724

(1)

Invertebrates and Fish among Aquatic Ecosystems

724

(1)

Summary

725

(6)

Detritus: Organic Carbon Cycling and Ecosystem Metabolism

Overview of Organic Transfers and Uses

731

(1)

Dead Organic Matter: The Central Role of Detritus

732

(5)

Allochthonous Organic Matter

737

(14)

Distribution of Organic Carbon

751

(8)

Detritus: Organic Matter as a Component of the Ecosystem

759

(16)

Net Ecosystem Production

775

(1)

Biotic Stability and Succession of Productivity

775

(4)

Synergies among Dissolved Organic Matter, Sunlight, Climatic Warming, Enhanced Atmospheric CO2 and Acidification

779

(1)

Summary

780

(6)

Past Productivity: Paleolimnology

Stratigraphy and Geochemistry

786

(6)

Biological Indicators

792

(10)

Sedimentary Record and Lake Ontogeny

802

(1)

Summary

802

(4)

The Ontogeny of Inland Aquatic Ecosystems

Successional Development of Aquatic Ecosystems

806

(6)

Dystrophy and Bog Ecosystems

812

(9)

Summary

821

(4)

Inland Waters: Understanding is Essential for the Future

Water Quality Is Essential; Water Quality Is Biological

825

(1)

Biodiversity of Inland Waters

826

(6)

River Regulation

832

(4)

Restoration of Aquatic Ecosystems

836

(5)

Summary

841

(2)

References

843

(138)

Appendix

981

(4)

Index

985

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Limnology: Lake and River Ecosystems

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials