Machine Design

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ISBN: 9780138978020 | 0138978026
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 9/1/1997

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"Machine Design "presents the subject matter in an up-to-date and thorough manner with a strong design emphasis. This textbook emphasizes both failure theory and analysis as well as emphasizing the synthesis and design aspects of machine elements. The book points out the commonality of the analytical approaches needed to design a wide variety of elements and emphasizes the use of computer-aided engineering as an approach to the design and analysis of these classes of problems. About 100 new problems will be added throughout the book, and certain topics are updated and enhanced.

PREFACE

XVII

PART I FUNDAMENTALS

(534)

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO DESIGN

(54)

1.1 Design

(3)

Machine Design

(1)

Machine

(1)

Iteration

(1)

1.2 A Design Process

(2)

1.3 Problem Formulation and Calculation

(2)

Definition Stage

(1)

Preliminary Design Stage

(1)

Detailed Design Stage

(1)

Documentation Stage

(1)

1.4 The Engineering Model

(2)

Estimation and First-Order Analysis

(1)

The Engineering Sketch

(1)

1.5 Computer-Aided Design and Engineering

(5)

Computer-Aided Design (CAD)

(4)

Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE)

(1)

Computational Accuracy

(1)

1.6 The Engineering Report

(1)

1.7 Factors of Safety and Design Codes

(4)

Factor of Safety

(1)

Choosing a Safety Factor

(2)

Design and Safety Codes

(1)

1.8 Statistical Considerations

(1)

1.9 Units

(5)

Example 1-1

(3)

1.10 Introduction to TKSolver

(25)

Terminology

(1)

Simple Models, Rule and Variable Sheets, Subsheets

(3)

Example 1-2

(3)

Switching Variables from Input to Output and Vice Versa

(1)

Example 1-3

(1)

Using Iteration and Root Finding

(3)

Example 1-4

(3)

Lists, Tables, Plots, Optimization, and Built-In Functions

(3)

Example 1-5

(3)

Using Built-In Functions

(2)

Example 1-6

(2)

User-Defined Functions

(1)

Rule Functions

(3)

Example 1-7

(3)

Procedure Functions

(2)

Example 1-8

(2)

List Functions

(2)

Example 1-9

(1)

Units and Formatting

(4)

Example 1-10

(3)

1.11 Summary

(1)

Important Equations Used in this Chapter

(1)

1.12 References

(1)

1.13 Bibliography

(1)

1.14 Problems

(1)

CHAPTER 2 MATERIALS AND PROCESSES

(44)

2.0 Introduction

(1)

2.1 Material Property Definitions

(12)

The Tensile Test

(3)

Ductility and Brittleness

(1)

The Compression Test

(1)

The Bending Test

(1)

The Torsion Test

(2)

Fatigue Strength and Endurance Limit

(1)

Impact Resistance

(2)

Fracture Toughness

(1)

Creep and Temperature Effects

(1)

2.2 The Statistical Nature of Material Properties

(2)

2.3 Homogeneity and Isotropy

(1)

2.4 Hardness

(6)

Heat Treatment

(1)

Surface (Case) Hardening

(1)

Heat Treating Non-Ferrous Materials

(1)

Mechanical Forming and Hardening

(2)

2.5 Coatings and Surface Treatments

(4)

Galvanic Action

(1)

Electroplating

(1)

Electroless Plating

(1)

Anodizing

(1)

Plasma-Sprayed Coatings

(1)

Chemical Coatings

(1)

2.6 General Properties of Metals

(9)

Cast Iron

(1)

Cast Steels

(1)

Wrought Steels

(1)

Steel Numbering Systems

(3)

Aluminum

(2)

Titanium

(1)

Magnesium

(1)

Copper Alloys

(1)

2.7 General Properties of Nonmetals

(3)

Polymers

(1)

Ceramics

(1)

Composites

(1)

2.8 Summary

(3)

Important Equations Used in this Chapter

(2)

2.9 References

(1)

2.10 Bibliography

(1)

2.11 Problems

(3)

CHAPTER 3 LOAD DETERMINATION

101

(74)

3.0 Introduction

101

(1)

3.1 Loading Classes

101

(3)

3.2 Free-body Diagrams

104

(1)

3.3 Load Analysis

104

(3)

Three-Dimensional Analysis

105

(1)

Two-Dimensional Analysis

106

(1)

Static Load Analysis

107

(1)

3.4 Two-Dimensional, Static-Loading Case Studies

107

(19)

Case Study 1A - Bicycle Brake Lever Loading Analysis

107

(7)

Case Study 2A - Hand-Operated Crimping-Tool Loading Analysis

114

(5)

Case Study 3A - Automobile Scissors-Jack Loading Analysis

119

(7)

3.5 Three-Dimensional, Static-Loading Case Study

126

(6)

Case Study 4A - Bicycle Brake Arm Loading Analysis

127

(5)

3.6 Dynamic Loading Case Study

132

(5)

Case Study 5A - Fourbar Linkage Loading Analysis

132

(5)

3.7 Vibration Loading

137

(6)

Natural Frequency

139

(2)

Dynamic Forces

141

(1)

Case Study 5B - Fourbar Linkage Dynamic Loading Measurement

141

(2)

3.8 Impact Loading

143

(6)

Energy Method

144

(5)

Example 3-1

147

(2)

3.9 Beam Loading

149

(16)

Shear and Moment

150

(1)

Singularity Functions

151

(12)

Example 3-2A

153

(2)

Example 3-2B

155

(3)

Example 3-3A

158

(1)

Example 3-3B

159

(2)

Example 3-4

161

(3)

Superposition

163

(2)

3.10 Summary

165

(2)

Equations Used in this Chapter

166

(1)

3.11 References

167

(1)

3.12 Bibliography

168

(1)

3.13 Problems

168

(7)

CHAPTER 4 STRESS, STRAIN, AND DEFLECTION

175

(112)

4.0 Introduction

175

(1)

4.1 Stress

175

(4)

4.2 Strain

179

(1)

4.3 Principal Stresses

179

(3)

4.4 Plane Stress and Plane Strain

182

(1)

Plane Stress

182

(1)

Plane Strain

183

(1)

4.5 Mohr's Circles

183

(5)

Example 4-1

184

(2)

Example 4-2

186

(1)

Example 4-3

187

(1)

4.6 Applied Versus Principal Stresses

188

(1)

4.7 Axial Tension

189

(1)

4.8 Direct Shear Stress, Bearing Stress, and Tearout

190

(2)

Direct Shear

190

(1)

Direct Bearing

191

(1)

Tearout Failure

191

(1)

4.9 Beams and Bending Stresses

192

(8)

Beams in Pure Bending

193

(3)

Shear Due to Transverse Loading

196

(4)

4.10 Deflection in Beams

200

(17)

Deflection by Singularity Functions

202

(10)

Example 4-4

202

(5)

Example 4-5

207

(3)

Example 4-6

210

(2)

Statically Indeterminate Beams

212

(2)

Example 4-7

214

(3)

4.11 Castigliano's Method

217

(2)

Deflection by Castigliano's Method

219

(1)

Finding Redundant Reactions with Castigliano's Method

219

(1)

4.12 Torsion

219

(7)

Example 4-8

223

(3)

4.13 Combined Stresses

226

(3)

Example 4-9

226

(3)

4.14 Spring Rates

229

(1)

4.15 Stress Concentration

230

(7)

Stress Concentration Under Static Loading

231

(1)

Stress Concentration Under Dynamic Loading

232

(1)

Determining Geometric Stress-Concentration Factors

233

(2)

Designing to Avoid Stress Concentrations

235

(2)

4.16 Axial Compression - Columns

237

(12)

Slenderness Ratio

237

(1)

Short Columns

237

(1)

Long Columns

238

(1)

End Conditions

239

(2)

Intermediate Columns

241

(2)

Example 4-10

243

(4)

Eccentric Columns

247

(2)

4.17 Stresses in Cylinders

249

(2)

Thick-Walled Cylinders

249

(2)

Thin-Walled Cylinders

251

(1)

4.18 Case Studies in Static Stress and Deflection Analysis

251

(18)

Case Study 1B - Bicycle Brake Lever Stress and Deflection Analysis

252

(3)

Case Study 2B - Crimping-Tool Stress and Deflection Analysis

255

(6)

Case Study 3B - Automobile Scissors-Jack Stress and Deflection Analysis

261

(4)

Case Study 4B - Bicycle Brake-Arm Stress Analysis

265

(4)

4.19 Summary

269

(6)

Important Equations Used in this Chapter

272

(3)

4.20 References

275

(1)

4.21 Bibliography

275

(1)

4.22 Problems

276

(11)

CHAPTER 5 STATIC FAILURE THEORIES

287

(58)

5.0 Introduction

287

(3)

5.1 Failure of Ductile Materials Under Static Loading

290

(11)

The von Mises-Hencky or Distortion-Energy Theory

290

(5)

The Maximum Shear Stress Theory

295

(2)

Maximum Normal Stress Theory

297

(1)

Comparison of Experimental Data with Failure Theories

298

(3)

Example 5-1

299

(2)

5.2 Failure of Brittle Materials Under Static Loading

301

(8)

Even and Uneven Materials

301

(2)

The Coulomb-Mohr Theory

303

(1)

The Modified-Mohr Theory

304

(2)

Example 5-2

306

(3)

5.3 Fracture Mechanics

309

(8)

Fracture-Mechanics Theory

310

(4)

Fracture Toughness Kc

314

(1)

Example 5-3

315

(2)

5.4 Using The Static-Loading Failure Theories

317

(1)

5.5 Case Studies in Static Failure Analysis

318

(12)

Case Study 1C - Bicycle Brake Lever Failure Analysis

318

(4)

Case Study 2C - Crimping-Tool Failure Analysis

322

(3)

Case Study 3C - Automobile Scissors-Jack Failure Analysis

325

(2)

Case Study 4C - Bicycle Brake-Arm Factors of Safety

327

(3)

5.6 Summary

330

(3)

Important Equations Used in this Chapter

331

(2)

5.7 References

333

(1)

5.8 Bibliography

334

(1)

5.9 Problems

335

(10)

CHAPTER 6 FATIGUE- FAILURE THEORIES

345

(126)

6.0 Introduction

345

(2)

History of Fatigue Failure

345

(2)

6.1 Mechanism of Fatigue Failure

347

(5)

Crack-Initiation Stage

349

(1)

Crack-Propagation Stage

349

(2)

Fracture

351

(1)

6.2 Fatigue-Failure Models

352

(2)

Fatigue Regimes

352

(1)

The Stress-Life Approach

352

(2)

The Strain-Life Approach

354

(1)

The LEFM Approach

354

(1)

6.3 Machine Design Considerations

354

(2)

6.4 Fatigue Loads

356

(3)

Rotating Machinery Loading

356

(1)

Service Equipment Loading

357

(2)

6.5 Measuring Fatigue-Failure Criteria

359

(14)

Fully Reversed Stresses

359

(7)

Combined Mean and Alternating Stress

366

(2)

Fracture-Mechanics Criteria

368

(4)

Testing Actual Assemblies

372

(1)

6.6 Estimating Fatigue-Failure Criteria

373

(16)

Estimating Theoretical Fatigue Strength or Endurance Limit

373

(1)

Correction Factors to the Theoretical Fatigue Strength

374

(9)

Calculating the Corrected Fatigue Strength Endurance Limit

383

(1)

Creating Estimated S-N Diagrams

383

(2)

Example 6-1

385

(2)

Example 6-2

387

(2)

6.7 Notches and Stress Concentrations

389

(5)

Notch Sensitivity

389

(2)

Example 6-3

391

(3)

6.8 Residual Stresses

394

(5)

6.9 Designing for High-Cycle Fatigue

399

(1)

6.10 Designing for Fully Reversed Uniaxial Stresses

400

(9)

Design Steps for Fully Reversed Stresses with Uniaxial Loading

400

(2)

Example 6-4

402

(7)

6.11 Designing for Fluctuating Uniaxial Stresses

409

(18)

Creating the Modified-Goodman Diagram

410

(3)

Applying Stress-Concentration Effects with Fluctuating Stresses

413

(2)

Determining the Safety Factory with Fluctuating Stresses

415

(3)

Design Steps for Fluctuating Stresses

418

(9)

Example 6-5

420

(7)

6.12 Designing for Multiaxial Stresses in Fatigue

427

(5)

Frequency and Phase Relationships

427

(1)

Fully Reversed Simple Multiaxial Stresses

428

(1)

Fluctuating Simple Multiaxial Stresses

429

(1)

Complex Multiaxial Stresses

430

(2)

6.13 A General Approach to High-Cycle Fatigue Design

432

(5)

Example 6-6

434

(4)

6.14 A Case Study in Fatigue Design

438

(13)

Case Study 6 - Redesign of a Failed Laybar for a Water-Jet Power Loom

438

(13)

6.15 Summary

451

(1)

Important Equations Used in this Chapter

452

(4)

6.16 References

456

(3)

6.17 Bibliography

459

(1)

6.18 Problems

460

(1)

CHAPTER 7 SURFACE FAILURE

471

(64)

7.0 Introduction

471

(2)

7.1 Surface Geometry

473

(1)

7.2 Mating Surfaces

474

(2)

7.3 Friction

476

(3)

Effect of Roughness on Friction

478

(1)

Effect of Velocity on Friction

478

(1)

Rolling Friction

478

(1)

Effect of Lubricant on Friction

478

(1)

7.4 Adhesive Wear

479

(4)

The Adhesive Wear Coefficient

482

(1)

7.5 Abrasive Wear

483

(4)

Abrasive Materials

486

(1)

Abrasion-Resistant Materials

487

(1)

7.6 Corrosion Wear

487

(3)

Corrosion Fatigue

489

(1)

Fretting Corrosion

489

(1)

7.7 Surface Fatigue

490

(3)

7.8 Spherical Contact

493

(6)

Contact Pressure and Contact Patch in Spherical Contact

493

(2)

Static Stress Distributions in Spherical Contact

495

(4)

Example 7-1

497

(2)

7.9 Cylindrical Contact

499

(4)

Contact Pressure and Contact Patch in Parallel Cylindrical Contact

499

(1)

Static Stress Distributions in Parallel Cylindrical Contact

500

(3)

Example 7-2

502

(1)

7.10 General Contact

503

(5)

Contact Pressure and Contact Patch in General Contact

503

(1)

Stress Distributions in General Contact

504

(1)

Example 7-3

505

(3)

7.11 Dynamic Contact Stresses

508

(8)

Effect of a Sliding Component on Contact Stresses

508

(6)

Example 7-4

514

(2)

7.12 Surface Fatigue-Failure Models Dynamic Contact

516

(3)

7.13 Surface Fatigue Strength

519

(7)

Example 7-5

525

(1)

7.14 Summary

526

(4)

Designing to Avoid Surface Failure

526

(1)

Important Equations Used in this Chapter

527

(3)

7.15 References

530

(2)

7.16 Problems

532

(3)

PART II MACHINE DESIGN

535

(454)

CHAPTER 8 DESIGN CASE STUDIES

537

(26)

8.0 Introduction

537

(1)

8.1 A Portable Air Compressor

538

(4)

Case Study 7A - Preliminary Design of a Compressor Drive Train

540

(2)

8.2 A Hay-Bale Lifter

542

(4)

Case Study 8A - Preliminary Design of a Winch Lift

542

(4)

8.3 A Cam-Testing Machine

546

(6)

Case Study 9A - Preliminary Design of a Cam Dynamic Test Fixture

547

(5)

8.4 Summary

552

(1)

8.5 References

553

(1)

8.6 Design Projects

553

(10)

CHAPTER 9 SHAFTS, KEYS, AND COUPLINGS

563

(78)

9.0 Introduction

563

(1)

9.1 Shaft Loads

563

(2)

9.2 Attachments and Stress Concentrations

565

(2)

9.3 Shaft Materials

567

(1)

9.4 Shaft Power

568

(1)

9.5 Shaft Loads

568

(1)

9.6 Shaft Stresses

569

(1)

9.7 Shaft Failure in Combined Loading

570

(1)

9.8 Shaft Design

570

(12)

General Considerations

571

(1)

Design for Fully Reversed Bending and Steady Torsion

572

(2)

Design for Fluctuating Bending and Fluctuating Torsion

574

(1)

Example 9-1

575

(5)

Example 9-2

580

(2)

9.9 Shaft Deflection

582

(4)

Shafts as Beams

582

(1)

Shafts as Torsion Bars

583

(1)

Example 9-3

584

(2)

9.10 Keys and Keyways

586

(9)

Parallel Keys

586

(2)

Tapered Keys

588

(1)

Woodruff Keys

588

(1)

Stresses in Keys

588

(1)

Key Materials

589

(1)

Key Design

590

(1)

Stress Concentration in Keyways

590

(1)

Example 9-4

591

(4)

9.11 Splines

595

(2)

9.12 Interference Fits

597

(6)

Stresses in Interference Fits

597

(1)

Stress Concentration in Interference Fits

598

(1)

Fretting Corrosion

599

(1)

Example 9-5

600

(3)

9.13 Flywheel Design

603

(9)

Energy Variation in a Rotating System

604

(1)

Example 9-6

605

(5)

Determining the Flywheel Inertia

607

(2)

Stresses in Flywheels

609

(1)

Failure Criteria

610

(1)

Example 9-7

610

(2)

9.14 Critical Speeds of Shafts

612

(12)

Lateral Vibration of Shafts and Beams Rayleigh's Method

615

(2)

Shaft Whirl

617

(2)

Torsional Vibration

619

(1)

Two Disks on a Common Shaft

620

(1)

Multiple Disks on a Common Shaft

621

(1)

Controlling Torsional Vibrations

622

(1)

Example 9-8

622

(2)

9.15 Couplings

624

(4)

Rigid Couplings

625

(1)

Compliant Couplings

626

(2)

9.16 Case Study

628

(5)

Designing Driveshafts for a Portable Air Compressor

628

(1)

Case Study 7B - Preliminary Design of Shafts for a Compressor Drive Train

629

(4)

9.17 Summary

633

(2)

Important Equations Used in this Chapter

634

(1)

9.18 References

635

(1)

9.19 Problems

636

(5)

CHAPTER 10 BEARINGS AND LUBRICATION

641

(34)

10.0 Introduction

641

(3)

A Caveat

643

(1)

10.1 Lubricants

644

(2)

10.2 Viscosity

646

(1)

10.3 Types of Lubrication

646

(5)

Full-Film Lubrication

648

(3)

Boundary Lubrication

651

(1)

10.4 Material Combinations in Sliding Bearings

651

(2)

10.5 Hydrodynamic Lubrication Theory

653

(8)

Petroff's Equation for No-Load Torque

653

(1)

Reynolds' Equation for Ecentric Journal Bearings

654

(6)

Torque and Power Losses in Journal Bearings

660

(1)

10.6 Design of Hydrodynamic Bearings

661

(7)

Design Load Factor The Ocvirk Number

662

(1)

Design Procedures

662

(3)

Example 10-1

665

(3)

10.7 Nonconforming Contacts

668

(7)

Example 10-2

673

(2)

10.8 Rolling-Element Bearings

675

(6)

Comparison of Rolling and Sliding Bearings

676

(1)

Types of Rolling-Element Bearings

677

(3)

10.9 Failure of Rolling-Element Bearings

681

(1)

10.10 Selection of Rolling-Element Bearings

681

(7)

Basic Dynamic Load Rating C

681

(1)

Basic Static Load Rating C(o)

682

(1)

Combined Radial and Thrust Loads

683

(1)

Calculation Procedures

683

(5)

Example 10-3

686

(1)

Example 10-4

687

(1)

10.11 Bearing Mounting Details

688

(1)

10.12 Special Bearings

689

(1)

10.13 Case Study

690

(4)

Case Study 9B - Design of Hydrodynamic Bearings for a Cam Test Fixture

691

(3)

10.14 Summary

694

(4)

Important Equations Used in this Chapter

695

(3)

10.15 References

698

(1)

10.16 Problems

699

(4)

CHAPTER 11 SPUR GEARS

703

(70)

11.0 Introduction

703

(2)

11.1 Gear Tooth Theory

705

(7)

The Fundamental Law of Gearing

705

(2)

The Involute Tooth Form

707

(1)

Pressure Angle

708

(1)

Mesh Geometry

708

(1)

Rack and Pinion

709

(1)

Changing Center Distance

710

(1)

Backlash

711

(1)

Relative Tooth Motion

712

(1)

11.2 Gear Tooth Nomenclature

712

(2)

11.3 Interference and Undercutting

714

(3)

Unequal-Addendum Tooth Forms

716

(1)

11.4 Contact Ratio

717

(3)

Example 11-1

718

(2)

11.5 Gear Trains

720

(6)

Simple Gear Trains

720

(1)

Compound Gear Trains

720

(1)

Reverted Compound Trains

721

(2)

Example 11-2

722

(1)

Epicyclic or Planetary Gear Trains

723

(2)

Example 11-3

725

(1)

11.6 Gear Manufacturing

726

(4)

Forming Gear Teeth

726

(1)

Machining

727

(1)

Roughing Processes

727

(2)

Finishing Processes

729

(1)

Gear Quality

729

(1)

11.7 Loading on Spur Gears

730

(3)

Example 11-4

732

(1)

11.8 Stresses in Spur Gears

733

(15)

Bending Stresses

733

(10)

Example 11-5

742

(1)

Surface Stresses

743

(5)

Example 11-6

746

(2)

11.9 Gear Materials

748

(11)

Material Strengths

749

(1)

AGMA Bending Fatigue Strengths for Gear Materials

750

(3)

AGMA Surface Fatigue Strengths for Gear Materials

753

(6)

Example 11-7

755

(4)

11.10 Lubrication of Gearing

759

(1)

11.11 Design of Spur Gears

759

(8)

11.12 Case Study

761

(6)

Case Study 7C - Design of Spur Gears for a Compressor Drive-Train

761

(6)

11.13 Summary

767

(2)

Important Equations Used in this Chapter

768

(2)

11.14 References

769

(1)

11.15 Problems

770

(3)

CHAPTER 12 HELICAL, BEVEL, AND WORM GEARS

773

(38)

12.0 Introduction

773

(1)

12.1 Helical Gears

773

(12)

Helical Gear Geometry

776

(1)

Helical Gear Forces

777

(1)

Virtual Number of Teeth

777

(1)

Contact Ratios

778

(1)

Stresses in Helical Gears

779

(3)

Example 12-1

782

(3)

12.2 Bevel Gears

785

(9)

Bevel Gear Geometry and Nomenclature

786

(1)

Bevel Gear Mounting

787

(1)

Forces on Bevel Gears

787

(1)

Stresses in Bevel Gears

788

(1)

Example 12-2

789

(5)

12.3 Wormsets

794

(9)

Materials for Wormsets

795

(1)

Lubrication in Wormsets

796

(1)

Forces in Wormsets

796

(1)

Wormset Geometry

796

(1)

Rating Methods

797

(2)

A Design Procedure for Wormsets

799

(1)

12.4 Case Study

800

(3)

Case Study 8B - Design of a Wormset Speed Reducer for a Winch Lift

800

(3)

12.5 Summary

803

(5)

Important Equations Used in this Chapter

805

(3)

12.6 References

808

(1)

12.7 Problems

809

(2)

CHAPTER 13 SPRING DESIGN

811

(78)

13.0 Introduction

811

(1)

13.1 Spring Rate

811

(3)

13.2 Spring Configurations

814

(2)

13.3 Spring Materials

816

(6)

Spring Wire

817

(2)

Flat Spring Stock

819

(3)

13.4 Helical Compression Springs

822

(13)

Spring Lengths

822

(1)

End Details

823

(1)

Active Coils

823

(1)

Spring Index

824

(1)

Spring Deflection

824

(1)

Spring Rate

824

(1)

Stresses in Helical Compression Spring Coils

825

(1)

Residual Stresses

826

(1)

Buckling of Compression Springs

827

(1)

Compression-Spring Surge

828

(1)

Allowable Strengths for Compression Springs

829

(2)

The Torsional-Shear S-N Diagram for Spring Wire

831

(1)

Example 13-1

831

(1)

The Modified-Goodman Diagram for Spring Wire

832

(3)

Example 13-2

833

(2)

13.5 Designing Helical Compression Springs for Static Loading

835

(6)

Example 13-3

836

(5)

13.6 Designing Helical Compression Springs for Fatigue Loading

841

(9)

Example 13-4

844

(6)

13.7 Helical Extension Springs

850

(11)

Active Coils in Extension Springs

850

(1)

Spring Rate of Extension Springs

850

(1)

Spring Index of Extension Springs

850

(1)

Coil Preload in Extension Springs

851

(1)

Deflection of Extension Springs

851

(1)

Coil Stresses in Extension Springs

852

(1)

End Stresses in Extension Springs

852

(1)

Surging in Extension Springs

852

(1)

Material Strengths for Extension Springs

853

(1)

Design of Helical Extension Springs

853

(1)

Example 13-5

854

(7)

13.8 Helical Torsion Springs

861

(8)

Terminology for Torsion Springs

862

(1)

Number of Coils in Torsion Springs

862

(1)

Deflection of Torsion Springs

863

(1)

Spring Rate of Torsion Springs

863

(1)

Coil Closure

863

(1)

Coil Stresses in Torsion Springs

864

(1)

Material Parameters for Torsion Springs

865

(1)

Safety Factors for Torsion Springs

866

(1)

Designing Helical Torsion Springs

866

(1)

Example 13-6

866

(3)

13.9 Belleville Spring Washers

869

(8)

Load-Deflection Function for Belleville Washers

872

(1)

Stresses in Belleville Washers

872

(1)

Static Loading of Belleville Washers

873

(1)

Dynamic Loading

874

(1)

Stacking Springs

874

(1)

Designing Belleville Springs

874

(1)

Example 13-7

875

(2)

13.10 Case Study

877

(5)

Case Study 9C - Design of a Return Spring for a Cam-Follower Arm

877

(5)

13.11 Summary

882

(3)

Important Equations Used in this Chapter

882

(3)

13.12 References

885

(1)

13.13 Problems

886

(3)

CHAPTER 14 SCREWS AND FASTENERS

889

(70)

14.0 Introduction

889

(2)

14.1 Standard Thread Forms

891

(3)

Tensile Stress Area

893

(1)

Standard Thread Dimensions

894

(1)

14.2 Power Screws

894

(12)

Square, Acme, and Buttress Threads

894

(2)

Power Screw Application

896

(1)

Power Screw Force and Torque Analysis

897

(4)

Friction Coefficients

901

(1)

Self-Locking and Back-Driving of Power Screws

901

(1)

Screw Efficiency

902

(1)

Ball Screws

903

(1)

Example 14-1

904

(2)

14.3 Stresses in Threads

906

(2)

Axial Stress

906

(1)

Shear Stress

907

(1)

Torsional Stress

908

(1)

14.4 Types of Screw Fasteners

908

(4)

Classification by Intended Use

908

(1)

Classification by Thread Type

909

(1)

Classification by Head Style

909

(2)

Nuts and Washers

911

(1)

14.5 Manufacturing Fasteners

912

(2)

14.6 Strengths of Standard Bolts and Machine Screws

914

(1)

14.7 Preloaded Fasteners in Tension

914

(14)

Preloaded Bolts Under Static Loading

917

(6)

Example 14-2

920

(3)

Preloaded Bolts Under Dynamic Loading

923

(1)

Example 14-3

924

(4)

14.8 Determining the Joint Stiffness Factor

928

(7)

Gasketed Joints

930

(5)

Example 14-4

931

(4)

14.9 Controlling Preload

935

(4)

The Turn-of-the-Nut Method

937

(1)

Torque-Limited Fasteners

937

(1)

Load-Indicating Washers

937

(1)

Torsional Stress Due to Torquing of Bolts

938

(1)

Example 14-5

939

(1)

14.10 Fasteners in Shear

939

(6)

Dowel Pins

941

(1)

Centroids of Fastener Groups

942

(1)

Determining Shear Loads on Fasteners

943

(1)

Example 14-6

944

(1)

14.11 Case Study

945

(6)

Case Study 7D - Design of the Headbolts for an Air Compressor

945

(6)

14.12 Summary

951

(2)

Important Equations Used in this Chapter

951

(2)

14.13 References

953

(1)

14.14 Bibliography

954

(1)

14.15 Problems

955

(4)

CHAPTER 15 CLUTCHES AND BRAKES

959

(30)

15.0 Introduction

959

(2)

15.1 Types of Brakes and Clutches

961

(6)

15.2 Clutch/Brake Selection and Specification

967

(1)

15.3 Clutch and Brake Materials

968

(1)

15.4 Disk Clutches

968

(4)

Uniform Pressure

969

(1)

Uniform Wear

970

(2)

Example 15-1

971

(1)

15.5 Disk Brakes

972

(1)

15.6 Drum Brakes

973

(9)

Short Shoe External Drum Brakes

974

(2)

Example 15-2

975

(1)

Long Shoe External Drum Brakes

976

(5)

Example 15-3

979

(2)

Long Shoe Internal Drum Brakes

981

(1)

15.7 Summary

982

(2)

Important Equations Used in this Chapter

983

(1)

15.8 References

984

(1)

15.9 Bibliography

985

(1)

15.10 Problems

985

(4)

APPENDIX A CROSS-SECTIONAL PROPERTIES

989

(2)

APPENDIX B MASS PROPERTIES

991

(2)

APPENDIX C MATERIAL PROPERTIES

993

(8)

APPENDIX D BEAM TABLES

1001

(4)

APPENDIX E STRESS-CONCENTRATION FACTORS

1005

(8)

APPENDIX F CONVERSION FACTORS

1013

(2)

APPENDIX G ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS

1015

(10)

APPENDIX H LIST OF SOFTWARE INCLUDED ON CD-ROM

1025

(12)

INDEX

1037

CD-ROM

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Machine Design

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials