Manual of Mineral Science

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ISBN: 9780471721574 | 0471721573
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 2/20/2007

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First published in 1848, authored by J.D. Dana, the Manual of Mineral Science now enters its 23rd edition. This new edition, authored by Cornelis Klein of the University of New Mexico and Barbara Dutrow of Louisiana State continues in the tradition of its predecessors as the standard textbook in Mineralogy, Mineral Science, Earth Materials, and Rocks and Minerals courses. Over the years, the Manual of Mineral Science has brought its authority and comprehensive approach to students the world over: Since the 19th edition, the Manual of Mineral Science has been translated into 4 different languages; Russian, Spanish, Chinese, and Italian, and will soon be available in Slovak.

Introduction	p. 1
What is a Mineral?	p. 2
Defining a Mineral More Broadly	p. 3
Where Do We Find Minerals and What Can We Learn?	p. 3
Minerals as Integral to Earth Science	p. 4
Mineralogy as Important to Other Fields	p. 7
Disciplines of Mineral Science	p. 9
History of Mineralogy	p. 10
Minerals in Our Lives	p. 15
Naming of Minerals	p. 16
References and Literature of Mineralogy	p. 16
What's to Come	p. 17
Standard Mineralogical Reference Works and Further Reading	p. 17
Physical Properties of Minerals	p. 19
Crystal Shape	p. 20
Properties Based on Interaction with Light	p. 23
Luster	p. 23
Color	p. 24
Streak	p. 24
Play of Colors	p. 24
Chatoyancy and Asterism	p. 26
Luminescence	p. 26
Fluorescence and Phosphorescence	p. 26
Mechanical Properties	p. 28
Cleavage	p. 28
Parting	p. 29
Fracture	p. 29
Hardness	p. 30
Tenacity	p. 31
Properties Related to Mass	p. 32
Density and Specific Gravity	p. 32
Factors That Affect Density and Specific Gravity	p. 32
Average Specific Gravity	p. 33
Measurement of Specific Gravity	p. 33
Other Diagnostic Properties	p. 34
Magnetism	p. 34
Radioactivity	p. 34
Solubility in Acids	p. 34
Other Sensory Tests	p. 35
Electrical Properties (of Industrial Use)	p. 35
Piezoelectricity	p. 35
Pyroelectricity	p. 36
References and Further Reading	p. 36
Elements of Crystal Chemistry	p. 37
The Atom	p. 37
Electron Configuration	p. 38
Chemical Elements, Electronic Configuration, and the Periodic Table	p. 46
Atomic and Ionic Radii	p. 46
The Ion	p. 51
Bonding Forces in Crystals	p. 53
Bonds with Valence Electrons	p. 53
Ionic Bond	p. 53
Metallic Bond	p. 56
Covalent Bond	p. 58
Estimation of the Character of the Bonding Mechanism	p. 59
Electronegativity	p. 59
Bonds That Do Not Involve Valence Electrons	p. 62
Van der Waals Bond	p. 62
Hydrogen Bond	p. 63
Crystals with More Than One Bond Type	p. 64
References and Further Reading	p. 64
Aspects of Crystal Structures	p. 66
Coordination of Ions	p. 66
Pauling's Rules	p. 68
The Coordination Principle	p. 69
Other Coordination Geometries	p. 73
Coordination of Common Cations	p. 73
The Electrostatic Valency Principle	p. 74
Uniform Bond Strength	p. 75
Nonuniform Bond Strength	p. 75
Sharing of Polyhedral Elements, 1	p. 76
Sharing of Polyhedral Elements, 2	p. 76
The Principle of Parsimony	p. 76
Additional Controls on Mineral Structures	p. 78
Isostructuralism	p. 79
Polymorphism	p. 79
Illustration of Crystal Structures	p. 80
Examples of Selected Common Structure Types	p. 83
NaCl Structure	p. 84
CsCl Structure	p. 84
Sphalerite (ZnS) Structure	p. 85
CaF[subscript 2] Structure	p. 85
Rutile (TiO[subscript 2]) Structure	p. 86
Perovskite(ABO[subscript 3]) Structure	p. 86
Spinel (AB[subscript 2]O[subscript 4]) Structure	p. 87
Silicate Structures	p. 89
References and Further Reading	p. 89
Chemical Composition of Minerals	p. 90
Composition of the Earth	p. 90
Composition of the Earth's Crust	p. 91
Composition of the Mantle	p. 93
Composition of the Core	p. 95
Composition of the Earth	p. 95
Variability of Mineral Compositions	p. 96
Substitutional Solid Solution	p. 97
Coupled Substitution	p. 98
Interstitial Solid Solution	p. 98
Omission Solid Solution	p. 99
Determination of a Mineral Formula	p. 99
Calculation of Mineral Formulae from Metal Percentages	p. 100
Mineral Formulae from Oxide Weight Percentages	p. 101
Mineral Formulae for Hydrous Silicates	p. 103
Graphical Representation of Mineral Composition	p. 104
Linear or Bar Diagrams	p. 104
Triangular Diagrams	p. 105
Triangular Representation of More Than Three Components	p. 106
References and Further Reading	p. 108
Crystallography: External Symmetry of Minerals	p. 109
Symmetry	p. 111
Symmetry Elements (Without Translation)	p. 114
Rotation	p. 114
Reflection (Mirror)	p. 117
Center of Symmetry	p. 118
Rotation with Inversion	p. 118
Symmetry Notation	p. 120
Combinations of Rotations	p. 121
Combinations of Rotation Axes and Mirrors	p. 123
Combinations of Symmetry Operations Without Translation	p. 125
Crystal Systems	p. 129
Crystallographic Axes	p. 129
Crystallographic Notation for Planes	p. 131
Face Intercepts	p. 131
Miller Indices	p. 133
Zones	p. 134
Crystal Form	p. 134
Names of Forms	p. 137
Illustration and Description of Forms	p. 138
References and Further Reading	p. 142
Bilateral Symmetry in Humans and Architecture	p. 112
Internal Order and Symmetry In Minerals	p. 143
Translation Directions and Distances	p. 144
One-Dimensional Order-Rows	p. 145
Two-Dimensional Order-Plane Lattices	p. 146
Rotation Angle Restrictions	p. 150
Symmetry Content of Planar Motifs	p. 152
Symmetry Content of Plane Lattices	p. 153
Two-Dimensional Plane Groups	p. 154
Three-Dimensional Order	p. 156
Three-Dimensional Lattices	p. 156
Symmetry Elements in 3D that Involve Translation: Screw Axes and Glide Planes	p. 164
Space Groups	p. 165
References and Further Reading	p. 168
Patterns in Our Environment	p. 151
Periodic Drawings	p. 158
Crystal Projections	p. 169
Spherical Projection	p. 170
Stereographic Projection	p. 172
Stereographic Net and the Mechanics of Plotting	p. 174
Measuring Crystal Angles	p. 175
Projection of an Orthorhombic Crystal	p. 177
Projection of a Monoclinic Crystal	p. 179
References and Further Reading	p. 181
Selected Point Groups and Further Aspects of Space Groups	p. 182
Nineteen of the Thirty-Two Point Groups	p. 183
Triclinic System	p. 185
Monoclinic System	p. 186
Orthorhombic System	p. 187
Tetragonal System	p. 191
Hexagonal System	p. 194
Isometric System	p. 200
Characteristics of Isometric Crystals	p. 207
Representations of Some Space Groups	p. 208
Space Group Derivation	p. 208
Illustrations of Space Groups	p. 208
References and Further Reading	p. 216
Crystal Growth and Defects; Twinning, Color, and Magnetism	p. 217
Crystal Growth	p. 218
Vectorial Properties	p. 220
Structural Complexities and Defects	p. 222
Point Defects	p. 222
Line Defects	p. 223
Planar Defects	p. 223
Other Defects	p. 225
Mineralogic Examples of Defect Structures	p. 225
Intergrowths of Crystals	p. 226
Twinning	p. 227
Twin Classification	p. 228
Common Twin Laws	p. 231
Triclinic System	p. 231
Monoclinic System	p. 231
Orthorhombic System	p. 232
Tetragonal System	p. 232
Hexagonal System	p. 232
Isometric System	p. 233
Origin of Color	p. 234
Crystal Field Transitions	p. 235
Molecular Orbital Transitions	p. 239
Color Centers	p. 239
Physical Processes as a Cause of Color	p. 240
Origin of Magnetic Properties	p. 241
Mineraloids (Noncrystalline Minerals)	p. 243
References and Further Reading	p. 244
Mineral Stability and Phase Diagrams	p. 245
Stability, Activation Energy, and Equilibrium	p. 245
Introductory Thermodynamics	p. 246
Phase Diagrams	p. 249
Components	p. 250
Examples of Mineral Stability (Phase) Diagrams	p. 250
One-Component Diagrams	p. 250
Two-Component Diagrams	p. 253
Three- or More-Component Diagrams	p. 256
Diagrams for Mineral Reactions Involving H[subscript 2]O or CO[superscript 2]	p. 262
Eh-pH Diagrams	p. 263
References and Further Reading	p. 265
Post-Crystallization Processes in Minerals	p. 266
Polymorphic Reactions	p. 267
Reconstructive Polymorphism	p. 269
Displacive Polymorphism	p. 271
Order-Disorder Polymorphism	p. 272
Polytypism	p. 274
Secondary Twinning	p. 275
Exsolution	p. 276
Radioactivity and Metamictization	p. 282
Metamict Minerals	p. 282
Pseudomorphism	p. 284
References and Further Reading	p. 285
Optical Microscopy	p. 287
Nature of Light	p. 288
Reflection and Refraction	p. 289
Refractive Index and Snell's Law	p. 289
Total Reflection and the Critical Angle	p. 290
Isotropic and Anisotropic Crystals	p. 290
Polarized Light	p. 291
Polarized Light by Absorption	p. 291
Polarized Light by Reflection	p. 291
The Polarizing Microscope	p. 291
Microscopic Examination of Minerals and Rocks	p. 293
Isotropic Crystals and the Becke Line	p. 293
Uniaxial Crystals	p. 294
Uniaxial Crystals Between Crossed Polars	p. 295
Extinction	p. 295
Interference	p. 296
Accessory Plates	p. 297
Uniaxial Crystals in Convergent Polarized Light	p. 297
Determination of Optic Sign	p. 298
Sign of Elongation	p. 299
Absorption and Dichroism	p. 299
Biaxial Crystals	p. 300
The Biaxial Indicatrix	p. 300
Optical Orientation in Biaxial Crystals	p. 301
Biaxial Crystals in Convergent Polarized Light	p. 302
The Apparent Optic Angle	p. 302
Determination of Optic Sign of Biaxial Crystals	p. 303
Absorption and Pleochroism	p. 304
Other Properties	p. 304
Optical Properties of Opaque Minerals	p. 304
References and Further Reading	p. 306
Analytical and Imaging Methods in Mineral Science	p. 307
Technique Overview	p. 308
Techniques That Use X-rays	p. 308
X-ray Diffraction Techniques (XRD)	p. 308
X-ray Spectra	p. 308
Diffraction Effects and the Bragg Equation	p. 311
Single-Crystal X-ray Diffraction and Structure Analysis	p. 313
The Determination of Crystal Structures	p. 314
X-ray Powder Diffraction and Mineral Identification	p. 317
X-ray Fluorescence Analysis (XRF)	p. 321
Electron Beam Techniques	p. 323
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)	p. 323
Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)	p. 324
Electron Microprobe Analysis (EMPA)	p. 326
Additional Techniques	p. 328
Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS)	p. 328
Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)	p. 329
References and Further Reading	p. 330
Crystal Chemistry and Systematic Descriptions of Native Elements, Sulfides, and Sulfosalts	p. 331
Mineral Classification	p. 332
Crystal Chemistry of Native Elements, Sulfides, and Sulfosalts	p. 333
Native Elements	p. 333
Native Metals	p. 333
Native Semimetals	p. 335
Native Nonmetals	p. 335
Sulfides	p. 337
Sulfosalts	p. 340
Systematic Descriptions	p. 341
Native Metals	p. 341
Native Nonmetals	p. 345
Sulfides, Sulfarsenides, and Arsenides	p. 351
Sulfosalts	p. 366
References and Further Reading	p. 367
Economic Geology	p. 338
Diamond Synthesis	p. 348
Veins and Vein Mineralization	p. 352
Sulfide Minerals as Ores and as Mining-Related Contaminants	p. 354
Crystal Chemistry and Systematic Descriptions of Oxides, Hydroxides, and Halides	p. 368
Crystal Chemistry of Oxides	p. 368
Crystal Chemistry of Hydroxides	p. 373
Crystal Chemistry of Halides	p. 374
Systematic Descriptions	p. 375
Oxides	p. 375
Hydroxides	p. 390
Halides	p. 393
References and Further Reading	p. 398
Ore Minerals for the Steel Industry	p. 380
Evaporite Minerals	p. 394
Crystal Chemistry and Systematic Descriptions of Carbonates, Nitrates, Borates, Sulfates, Chromates, Tungstates, Molybdates, Phosphates, Arsenates, and Vanadates	p. 399
Crystal Chemistry of Carbonates	p. 400
Calcite Group	p. 401
Aragonite Group	p. 401
Dolomite Group	p. 402
Crystal Chemistry of Nitrates	p. 403
Crystal Chemistry of Borates	p. 403
Crystal Chemistry of Sulfates	p. 403
Crystal Chemistry of Tungstates and Molybdates	p. 405
Crystal Chemistry of Phosphates, Arsenaes, and Vanadates	p. 406
Systematic Descriptions	p. 407
Carbonates	p. 407
Nitrates	p. 416
Borates	p. 416
Sulfates and Chromates	p. 420
Tungstates and Molybdates	p. 425
Phosphates, Arsenates, and Vanadates	p. 427
References and Further Reading	p. 433
The Source of Chemicals in Fertilizers	p. 429
Crystal Chemistry of Rock-Forming Silicates	p. 434
Nesosilicates	p. 438
Sorosilicates	p. 441
Cyclosilicates	p. 442
Inosilicates	p. 446
Pyroxene Group	p. 447
Pyroxenoid Group	p. 451
Amphibole Group	p. 452
Phyllosilicates	p. 456
Tectosilicates	p. 467
SiO[subscript 2] Group	p. 468
Feldspar Group	p. 470
Structure	p. 471
Composition	p. 474
Feldspathoid Group	p. 477
Zeolite Group	p. 477
References and Further Reading	p. 482
Systematic Descriptions of Rock-Forming Silicates	p. 483
Nesosilicates	p. 484
Phenacite Group	p. 484
Olivine Group	p. 484
Garnet Group	p. 487
Al[subscript 2]SiO[subscript 2] Group	p. 491
Humite Group	p. 495
Sorosilicates	p. 498
Epidote Group	p. 499
Cyclosilicates	p. 502
Inosilicates	p. 505
Pyroxene Group	p. 505
Pyroxenoid Group	p. 511
Amphibole Group	p. 514
Phyllosilicates	p. 519
Serpentine Group	p. 519
Clay Mineral Group	p. 521
Mica Group	p. 525
Chlorite Group	p. 531
Related Species	p. 532
Tectosilicates	p. 534
SiO[subscript 2] Group	p. 534
Feldspar Group	p. 539
K-Feldspars	p. 539
Feldspathoid Group	p. 544
Scapolite Series	p. 547
Zeolite Group	p. 549
References and Further Reading	p. 552
The Two Most Common Crustal Rock Types: Basalt and Granite	p. 507
Asbestos: A Mixture and Mix-Up of Minerals	p. 516
Clay Minerals and Some of Their Applications	p. 523
Mineral Dust in the Environment	p. 537
Minerals in Pegmatites	p. 542
Zeolites and Their Many Unique Properties	p. 550
Gem Minerals	p. 554
Gem Minerals	p. 555
Gem Qualifications	p. 555
Types of Gem Cuts	p. 556
The Early Uses of Gems	p. 556
Important Gems-Past and Present	p. 557
Diamond	p. 557
Beryl	p. 558
Ruby and Sapphire	p. 559
Opal	p. 559
Jade	p. 560
Chrysoberyl	p. 560
Topaz	p. 560
Tourmaline	p. 561
Quartz	p. 561
Turquoise	p. 561
Garnet	p. 561
Zircon	p. 562
Olivine	p. 562
Gem Properties and Instruments for Their Determination	p. 562
Physical Properties	p. 562
Cleavage and Fracture	p. 562
Hardness	p. 562
Specific Gravity	p. 562
Fluorescence	p. 563
Instruments for Studying Gems	p. 563
Observation	p. 563
Hand Lens	p. 563
The Microscope	p. 563
The Polariscope	p. 564
Refractive Index and the Refractometer	p. 564
Dispersion	p. 566
The Dichroscope	p. 566
Color Filters	p. 567
The Spectroscope	p. 567
X-ray Diffraction	p. 568
Synthesis of Gem Materials	p. 568
Verneuil Process	p. 568
Czochralski Process	p. 568
Flux Growth	p. 568
Hydrothermal Growth	p. 568
Treatment of Gemstones	p. 569
Dyeing	p. 569
Heat Treatment	p. 569
Irradiation	p. 569
Synthetic and Treated Gems	p. 569
Beryl	p. 569
Chrysoberyl	p. 570
Corundum (Ruby and Sapphire)	p. 570
Diamond	p. 570
Jade	p. 570
Opal	p. 571
Quartz	p. 571
Rutile	p. 572
Spinel	p. 572
Turquoise	p. 572
Manufactured Gem Materials Without Natural Counterparts	p. 572
Garnet	p. 572
Strontium Titanate	p. 572
Cubic Zirconia	p. 573
References and Further Reading	p. 573
Mineral Assemblages: Introduction to Rock Types	p. 574
Igneous Rocks	p. 575
General Occurrence and Texture	p. 576
Chemical Composition	p. 576
Classification	p. 578
Mineralogical Composition	p. 580
Plutonic Rocks	p. 580
Volcanic Rocks	p. 583
Fragmental Igneous Rocks	p. 585
Pegmatites	p. 585
Sedimentary Rocks	p. 585
Chemical Composition	p. 586
Mineralogical Composition	p. 586
Classification	p. 588
Terrigenous Sedimentary Rocks	p. 585
Allochemical Carbonate Rocks	p. 590
Orthochemical Sedimentary Rocks	p. 593
Further Description of Rock Types	p. 594
Metamorphic Rocks	p. 596
Chemical Composition	p. 597
Mineralogical Composition	p. 597
Rock Types	p. 602
References and Further Reading	p. 603
Determinative Tables	p. 604
General Classification of the Tables	p. 605
Luster-Metallic or Submetallic	p. 605
Luster-Nonmetallic	p. 605
Minerals Arranged by Several Physical Properties	p. 606
Minerals Arranged According to Increasing Specific Gravity	p. 635
Nonopaque Minerals and Some Synthetic Compounds Arranged According to Increasing Refractive index	p. 637
Outstanding Contributions to the Mineral Sciences	p. 639
Development of Models for the Atom	p. 642
Distribution of Forms in 32 Point Groups, Arranged by Crystal System	p. 646
Space Groups as an Expression of Morphology and Structure	p. 648
Mineral Index	p. 653
Subject Index	p. 667
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