Matter and Motion

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ISBN: 9781573929899 | 1573929891
Cover: Trade Paper
Copyright: 12/1/2002

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This primer on physics, written in 1877 by the most eminent physicist of the 19th century, is intended as a brief introduction to Newtonian mechanics for students and educated lay readers. Einstein described Maxwell's influence on the scientific understanding of the physical universe as "the most profound and the most fruitful that physics has experienced since the time of Newton." Maxwell's ideas also laid the groundwork for Max Planck's subsequent development of the quantum hypothesis. Complete with many useful illustrations to clarify the concepts discussed in the text, this accessible work is well suited for history of science courses or as a still-relevant introduction to basic physics for the average reader.

Introduction

Nature of Physical Science

(1)

Definition of a Material System

(1)

Definition of Internal and External

(1)

Definition of Configuration

(1)

Diagrams

(1)

A Material Particle

(1)

Relative Position of two Material Particles

(1)

Vectors

(1)

System of Three Particles

(1)

Addition of Vectors

(1)

Subtraction of one Vector from another

(1)

Origin of Vectors

(1)

Relative Position of Two Systems

(1)

Three Data for the Comparison of Two Systems

(2)

On the Idea of Space

(1)

Error of Descartes

(2)

On the Idea of Time

(1)

Absolute Space

(1)

Statement of the General Maxim of Physical Science

(2)

On Motion

Definition of Displacement

(1)

Diagram of Displacement

(1)

Relative Displacement

(1)

Uniform Displacement

(1)

On Motion

(1)

On the Continuity of Motion

(1)

On Constant Velocity

(1)

On the Measurement of Velocity when Variable

(1)

Diagram of Velocities

(1)

Properties of the Diagram of Velocities

(1)

Meaning of the Phrase ``At Rest''

(1)

On Change of Velocity

(1)

On Acceleration

(1)

On the Rate of Acceleration

(1)

Diagram of Accelerations

(1)

Acceleration a Relative Term

(1)

On Force

Kinematics and Kinetics

(1)

Mutual Action between Two Bodies---Stress

(1)

External Force

(1)

Different Aspects of the Same Phenomenon

(1)

Newton's Laws of Motion

(1)

The First Law of Motion

(2)

On the Equilibrium of Forces

(1)

Definition of Equal Times

(1)

The Second Law of Motion

(1)

Definition of Equal Masses and of Equal Forces

(1)

Measurement of Mass

(2)

Numerical Measurement of Force

(1)

Simultaneous Action of Forces on a Body

(1)

On Impulse

(1)

Relation between Force and Mass

(1)

On Momentum

(1)

Statement of the Second Law of Motion in Terms of Impulse and Momentum

(1)

Addition of Forces

(1)

The Third Law of Motion

(1)

Action and Reaction are the Partial Aspects of a Stress

(1)

Attraction and Repulsion

(1)

The Third Law True of Action at a Distance

(1)

Newton's Proof not Experimental

(2)

On The Properties of the Centre of Mass of a Material System

Definition of a Mass-Vector

(1)

Centre of Mass of Two Particles

(1)

Centre of Mass of a System

(1)

Momentum represented as the Rate of Change of a Mass-Vector

(1)

Effect of External Forces on the Motion of the Centre of Mass

(1)

The Motion of the Centre of Mass of a System is not affected by the Mutual Action of the Parts of the System

(1)

First and Second Laws of Motion

(1)

Method of treating Systems of Molecules

(1)

By the Introduction of the Idea of Mass we pass from Point-Vectors, Point Displacements, Velocities, Total Accelerations, and Rates of Acceleration, to Mass-Vectors, Mass Displacements, Momenta, Impulses, and Moving Forces

(1)

Definition of a Mass-Area

(1)

Angular Momentum

(1)

Moment of a Force about a Point

(1)

Conservation of Angular Momentum

(2)

On Work and Energy

Definitions

(1)

Principle of Conservation of Energy

(1)

General Statement of the Principle of the Conservation of Energy

(1)

Measurement of Work

(2)

Potential Energy

(1)

Kinetic Energy

(2)

Oblique Forces

(1)

Kinetic Energy of Two Particles referred to their Centre of Mass

(1)

Kinetic Energy of a Material System referred to its Centre of Mass

(1)

Available Kinetic Energy

(2)

Potential Energy

(1)

Elasticity

(1)

Action at a Distance

(1)

Theory of Potential Energy more complicated than that of Kinetic Energy

(1)

Application of the Method of Energy to the Calculation of Forces

(1)

Specification of the [Mode of Action] of Forces

(1)

Application to a System in Motion

(1)

Application of the Method of Energy to the Investigation of Real Bodies

(1)

Variables on which the Energy depends

(1)

Energy in Terms of the Variables

(1)

Theory of Heat

(1)

Heat a Form of Energy

(1)

Energy Measured as Heat

(1)

Scientific Work to be done

(1)

History of the Doctrine of Energy

(1)

On the Different Forms of Energy

(3)

Recapitulation

Retrospect of Abstract Dynamics

(1)

Kinematics

(1)

Force

(1)

Stress

(1)

Relativity of Dynamical Knowledge

(1)

Relativity of Force

(2)

Rotation

(1)

Newton's Determination of the Absolute Velocity of Rotation

(2)

Foucault's Pendulum

(3)

Matter and Energy

(1)

Test of a Material Substance

(1)

Energy not capable of Identification

(1)

Absolute Value of the Energy of a Body unknown

(1)

Latent Energy

(1)

A Complete Discussion of Energy would include the whole of Physical Science

(1)

The Pendulum and Gravity

On Uniform Motion in a Circle

(1)

Centrifugal Force

(1)

Periodic Time

(1)

On Simple Harmonic Vibrations

(1)

On the Force acting on the Vibrating Body

(1)

Isochronous Vibrations

(1)

Potential Energy of the Vibrating Body

(1)

The Simple Pendulum

(2)

A Rigid Pendulum

(2)

Inversion of the Pendulum

100

(1)

Illustration of Kater's Pendulum

100

(1)

Determination of the Intensity of Gravity

101

(1)

Method of Observation

102

(1)

Estimation of Error

103

(2)

Universal Gravitation

Newton's Method

105

(1)

Kepler's Laws

105

(1)

Angular Velocity

106

(1)

Motion about the Centre of Mass

106

(1)

The Orbit

107

(1)

The Hodograph

107

(1)

Kepler's Second Law

108

(1)

Force on a Planet

109

(1)

Interpretation of Kepler's Third Law

110

(1)

Law of Gravitation

111

(1)

Amended Form of Kepler's Third Law

112

(1)

Potential Energy due to Gravitation

113

(1)

Kinetic Energy of the System

113

(1)

Potential Energy of the System

114

(1)

The Moon is a Heavy Body

115

(1)

Cavendish's Experiment

116

(1)

The Torsion Balance

117

(1)

Method of the Experiment

118

(1)

Universal Gravitation

119

(1)

Cause of Gravitation

120

(1)

Application of Newton's Method of Investigation

121

(1)

Methods of Molecular Investigations

122

(1)

Importance of General and Elementary Properties

122

(1)

On The Equations of Motion of a Connected System

123

(14)

Appendix I The Relativity of the Forces of Nature

137

(8)

Appendix II The Principle of Least Action

145

(17)

Index

162

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Matter and Motion

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials