Mechanical Behavior of Materials

, by Courtney, Thomas H.

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ISBN: 9781577664253 | 1577664256
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 12/1/2005

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Supplemental Materials

1 Overview of Mechanical Behavior

(43)

1.1 Introduction

(1)

1.2 Elastic Deformation

(3)

1.3 Permanent Deformation

(24)

A. The Tension Test

B. Strain-Rate Sensitivity

C. Yielding Under Multiaxial Loading Conditions

D. Mohr's Circle

E. The Hardness Test

F. The Torsion Test

1.4 Fracture

(8)

A. Fracture Toughness

B. Tensile Fracture

C. Creep Fracture

D. Fatigue Fracture

E. Embrittlement

1.5 Summary

(7)

2 Elastic Behavior

(41)

2.1 Introduction

(1)

2.2 Range of Elastic Moduli

(2)

2.3 Additional Elastic Properties

(3)

2.4 Basis for Linear Elasticity

(6)

2.5 Anisotropic Linear Elasticity

(5)

2.6 Rubber Elasticity

(4)

2.7 Polymer Elasticity and Viscoelasticity

(9)

2.8 Mechanical Damping

(4)

2.9 Summary

(7)

3 Dislocations

(55)

3.1 Introduction

(1)

3.2 The Yield Strength of a Perfect Crystal

(2)

3.3 The Edge Dislocation

(9)

A. Slip by Edge Dislocation Motion

B. Climb of Edge Dislocations

C. Topological Considerations

D. Motion of Edge Dislocations Containing Jogs

3.4 Screw and Mixed Dislocations

(6)

A. Slip by Screw Dislocation Motion

B. Slip by Mixed Dislocation Motion

3.5 Twinning

103

(3)

3.6 Properties of Dislocations

106

(10)

A. Dislocation Stress Fields

B. Dislocation Energies

C. Forces Between Dislocations

D. Kinks in Dislocations

E. Dislocation Velocities

3.7 Dislocation Geometry and Crystal Structure

116

(7)

A. Slip Systems

B. Partial Dislocations

C. Dislocations in Nonmetallic Materials

D. Slip and Dislocations in Ordered Structures

3.8 Intersection of Moving Dislocations

123

(9)

A. Jogs on Dislocations

B. Dislocation Multiplication

C. Dislocation Con Arrangements at High Dislocation Densities

3.9 Dislocation Density and Macroscopic Strain

132

(1)

3.10 Summary

133

(7)

4 Plastic Deformation in Single and Polycrystalline Materials

140

(35)

4.1 Introduction

140

(1)

4.2 Initiation of Plastic Flow in Single Crystals

141

(4)

4.3 Stress-Strain Behavior of Single Crystals

145

(11)

4.4 Plastic Flow in Polycrystals

156

(6)

4.5 Plastic-Flow Behavior and Material Class

162

(2)

4.6 Geometrically Necessary Dislocations

164

(4)

4.7 Summary

168

(7)

5 Strengthening of Crystalline Materials

175

(69)

5.1 Introduction

175

(1)

5.2 General Description of Strengthening

176

(3)

5.3 Work Hardening

179

(2)

5.4 Boundary Strengthening

181

(5)

5.5 Solid-Solution Strengthening

186

(10)

5.6 Particle Hardening

196

(14)

A. Deforming Particles

B. Nondeforming Particles

C. The Transition from Cutting to Bowing and the Maximum Particle Hardening

5.7 Strain-Gradient Hardening

210

(9)

5.8 Deformation of Two-Phase Aggregates

219

(2)

5.9 Strength, Microstructure, and Processing: Case Studies

221

(10)

A. Patented Steel Wire

B. Steel Martensites

C. Ausformed Steels

D. Microalloyed Steels

E. Precipitation-Hardened Aluminum Alloys

5.10 Summary

231

(13)

6 Composite Materials

244

(49)

6.1 Introduction

244

(3)

6.2 Basic Principles of Reinforcement

247

(3)

6.3 Particle Reinforcement

250

(1)

6.4 Reinforcement with Aligned Continuous Fibers

251

(6)

6.5 Reinforcement with Discontinuous Fibers

257

(6)

6.6 Fiber Orientation Effects

263

(5)

6.7 Statistical Failure of Composites

268

(6)

6.8 Strain-Rate Effects

274

(4)

6.9 Microscopic Effects

278

(2)

6.10 Reinforcement of Brittle Matrices

280

(3)

6.11 Modern Composite Materials

283

(4)

A. Fibers

B. Matrices

6.12 Summary

287

(6)

7 High-Temperature Deformation of Crystalline Materials

293

(61)

7.1 Introduction

293

(1)

7.2 Phenomenological Description of Creep

294

(3)

7.3 Creep Mechanisms

297

(17)

A. Dislocation Glide at Low Temperature

B. Diffusional Flow Creep Mechanisms

C. Creep Mechanisms Involving Dislocation and Diffusional Flow

D. Creep in Two-Phase Alloys

E. Independent and Sequential Processes

F. Summary

7.4 Deformation Mechanism Maps

314

(4)

7.5 Materials Aspects of Creep Design

318

(6)

A. Creep Resistance as Related to Material Properties and Structure

B. Case Studies

7.6 Engineering Estimates of Creep Behavior

324

(1)

A. Strain-Rate Sensitivity and Superplastic Behavior

B. Experimental Observations of Superplasticity

C. Mechanisms of Superplasticity

7.7 Superplasticity

325

(15)

7.8 Hot Working of Metals

340

(5)

A. Description of Hot Working

B. Dynamic Recovery and Recrystallization

7.9 Summary

345

(9)

8 Deformation of Noncrystalline Materials

354

(50)

8.1 Introduction

354

(1)

8.2 Crystalline versus Noncrystalline Structures

355

(4)

8.3 Viscosity

359

(4)

8.4 The Deformation Behavior of Inorganic Glasses

363

(5)

8.5 Deformation of Metallic Glasses

368

(6)

8.6 Deformation of Polymeric Materials

374

(24)

A. Polymer Chemistry and Structure

B. Deformation of Noncrystalline Polymers

C. Deformation of Crystalline Polymers

D. Structure-Property Relationships and Use of Polymers

8.7 Summary

398

(6)

9 Fracture Mechanics

404

(50)

9.1 Introduction

405

(3)

9.2 The Theoretical Strength of a Solid

408

(3)

9.3 Crack-Initiated Fracture

411

(7)

9.4 Fracture Mechanics

418

(15)

A. Design Philosophy

B. Crack Propagation Modes

C. Plane Stress and Plane Strain

D. Test Methods

E. Case Studies and Examples

9.5 Fracture Toughness and Material Class

433

(3)

9.6 The Charpy Impact Test

436

(7)

9.7 Fracture of Brittle Nonmetallics

443

(5)

A. Ceramic "Strengths"

B. The Statistics of Brittle Fracture

9.8 Summary

448

(6)

10 Toughening Mechanisms and the Physics of Fracture

454

(68)

10.1 Introduction

454

(1)

10.2 Toughening in Metals

455

(6)

10.3 Toughening in Ceramics

461

(11)

A. Thermal Stresses

B. Toughening Due to Crack Deflection and Geometry

C. Microcrack Toughening

D. Transformation Toughening

E. Crack Bridging

10.4 Toughening in Composites

472

(4)

A. Crack Bridging with Brittle Fibers

B. Crack Bridging with a Ductile Phase

10.5 Toughening in Polymers

476

(2)

10.6 Types of Low-Temperature Tensile Fracture

478

(5)

10.7 The Relation Among Bonding, Crystal Structure, and Fracture

483

(9)

A. Fracture of Face-Centered Cubic Metals

B. Fracture of Body-Centered Cubic Transition Metals

C. Fracture of the Hexagonal Close-Packed Metals

D. Fracture of the Alkali Halides

E. Fracture of the Refractory Oxides

F. Fracture of Covalent Solids

G. Synopsis

10.8 Mode II Brittle Fracture

492

(8)

A. Mode II Fracture Initiated by Slip Incompatibility

B. Mode II Fracture in bcc Transition Metals

10.9 Mode III Brittle Fracture

500

(6)

10.10 Ductile Fracture

506

(6)

10.11 Summary

512

(10)

11 High-Temperature Fracture

522

(44)

11.1 Introduction

522

(1)

11.2 High-Temperature Fracture Modes

523

(5)

11.3 High-Temperature Fracture-Mechanism Maps

528

(6)

11.4 Intergranular Creep Fracture

534

(17)

A. Overview

B. Void Nucleation

C. Void Growth

11.5 Design and Materials Considerations

551

(3)

A. Design Considerations

B. Materials Considerations

11.6 Failure in Superplastic Materials

554

(5)

11.7 Summary

559

(7)

12 Fatigue of Engineering Materials

566

(64)

12.1 Introduction

567

(1)

12.2 Characteristics of Fatigue Fracture

568

(6)

12.3 Evaluation of Fatigue Resistance

574

(10)

12.4 Fatigue-Crack Growth Rates

584

(5)

12.5 Design Against Fatigue

589

(9)

12.6 Cyclic Stress-Strain Behavior

598

(4)

12.7 Creep-Fatigue Interactions

602

(4)

12.8 Polymeric Fatigue

606

(14)

A. Stress (Strain) Amplitude and Polymeric Fatigue Life

B. Fatigue-Crack Growth

C. Polymeric Cyclical Stress-Strain Behavior

D. Temperature Effects

12.9 Fatigue of Composites

620

(1)

12.10 Summary

621

(9)

13 Embrittlement

630

(56)

13.1 Introduction

630

(3)

13.2 Metal Embrittlement

633

(8)

A. Characteristics

B. Mechanisms

13.3 Stress-Corrosion Cracking

641

(11)

A. Characteristics

B. Mechanisms

C. Corrosion Fatigue

13.4 Hydrogen Embrittlement

652

(6)

A. Characteristics

B. Mechanisms

13.5 Impurity-Atom Embrittlement

658

(6)

A. Characteristics

B. Mechanisms

13.6 Radiation Damage

664

(6)

A. Neutron Interactions

B. Radiation Embrittlement

C. Swelling

D. Radiation Creep

13.7 Embrittlement of Inorganic Glasses and Ceramics

670

(5)

13.8 Polymer Embrittlement

675

(4)

13.9 Summary

679

(7)

14 Cellular Solids

686

14.1 Introduction

686

(2)

14.2 The Geometries and Densities of Cellular Solids

688

(2)

14.3 Compressive Behavior of Cellular Solids

690

(8)

A. Overview

B. Compressive Elastic Behavior of Cellular Solids

C. The Plateau Stress

D. Densification

E. Synopsis

14.4 Energy Absorption in Cellular Solids

698

(7)

14.5 Sandwich Panels

705

(8)

A. Elastic Properties of Sandwich Panels

B. Sandwich Panel Failure Modes

14.6 Summary

713

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Mechanical Behavior of Materials

Table of Contents

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