Modern Physics

, by Serway, Raymond; Moses, Clement; Moyer, Curt

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ISBN: 9780534493394 | 0534493394
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 4/15/2004

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Succeed in physics with MODERN PHYSICS! Designed to provide simple, clear, and mathematically uncomplicated explanations of physical concepts and theories of modern physics, this physics text provides you with the tools you need to get a good grade. Worked examples, exercises, end-of-chapter problems, special topic sections, and the book-specific website give you the opportunity to test your comprehension and mastery of the material. Studying is made easy with QMTools, an online simulation software that provides modeling tools to help you visualize abstract concepts and practice problem solving.

1 RELATIVITY I

(40)

1.1 Special Relativity

(1)

1.2 The Principle of Relativity

(4)

The Speed of light

(1)

1.3 The Michelson-Morley Experiment

(3)

Details of the Michelson-Morley Experiment

(2)

1.4 Postulates of Special Relativity

(3)

1.5 Consequences of Special Relativity

(12)

Simultaneity and the Relativity of Time

(1)

Time Dilation

(3)

Length Contraction

(3)

The Twins Paradox (Optional)

(1)

The Relativistic Doppler Shift

(3)

1.6 The Lorentz Transformation

(6)

Lorentz Velocity Transformation

(2)

1.7 Spacctime and Causality

(4)

Summary

(6)

2 RELATIVITY II

(24)

2.1 Relativistic Momentum and the Relativistic Form of Newton's Laws

(3)

2.2 Relativistic Energy

(4)

2.3 Mass as a Measure of Energy

(4)

2.4 Conservation of Relativistic Momenttun and Energy

(1)

2.5 General Relativity

(12)

Gravitational Radiation, or a Good Wave Is Hard to Find

(3)

Summary

(6)

Web Essay The Renaissance of General Relativity

Clifford M. Will

3 THE QUANTUM THEORY OF LIGHT

(41)

3.1 Hertz's Experiments-Light as an Electromagnetic Wave

(2)

3.2 Blackbody Radiation

(9)

Enter Planck

(2)

The Quantum of Energy

(3)

3.3 The Rayleigh Jeans Law and Planck's Law (Optional)

(3)

Rayleigh-Jeans Law 77 Planck's Law

(1)

3.4 Light Quantization and the Photoelectric Effect

(6)

3.5 The Coanpton Effect and X-Rays

(8)

X-Rays

(3)

The Compton Effect

(5)

3.6 Particle-Wave Complementarity

(1)

3.7 Does Gravity Affect Light? (Optional)

(3)

Summary

(8)

Web Appendix

Calculation of the Number of Modes of Waves in a Cavity

Planck's Calculation of the Average Energy of an Oscillator

4 THE PARTICLE NATURE OF MATTER

106

(45)

4.1 The Atomic Nature of Matter

106

(2)

4.2 The Composition of Atoms

108

Millikan's Value olthe Elementary Charge

113

(6)

Rutherford's Model of the Atom

119

4.3 The Bohr Atom 1

(114)

Spectral Series

126

(4)

Bohr's Quantum Model of the Atom

130

(9)

4.4 Bohr's Correspondence Principle, or Why Is Angular Momentum Quantized?

139

(2)

4.5 Direct Confirmation of Atomic Energy Levels: The Franck-Hertz Experiment

141

(2)

Summary

143

(8)

5 MATTER WAVES

151

(40)

5.1 The Pilot Waves of De Broglie

152

(2)

De Broglie's Explanation of Quantization in the Bohr Model

153

(1)

5.2 The Davisson-Germer Experiment

154

(10)

The Electron Microscope

159

(5)

5.3 Wave Groups and Dispersion

164

(6)

Matter Wave Packets

169

(1)

5.4 Fourier Integrals (Optional)

170

(3)

Constructing Moving Wave Packets

173

(1)

5.5 The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

173

(5)

A Different View of the Uncertainty Principle

175

(3)

5.6 If Electrons Are Waves, What's Waving?

178

(1)

5.7 The Wave-Particle Duality

179

(7)

The Description of Electron Diffraction in Terms of ψ

179

(5)

A Thought Experiment: Measuring Through Which Slit the Electron Passes

184

(2)

5.8 A Final Note

186

(1)

Summary

186

(5)

6 QUANTUM MECHANICS IN ONE DIMENSION

191

(40)

6.1 The Born Interpretation

191

(3)

6.2 Wavefunction for a Free Particle

194

(3)

6.3 Wavefunctions in the Presence of Forces

197

(3)

6.4 The Particle in a Box

200

(9)

Charge-Coupled Devices (CCDs)

205

(4)

6.5 The Finite Square Well (Optional)

209

(3)

6.6 The Quantum Oscillator

212

(5)

6.7 Expectation Values

217

(4)

6.8 Observables and Operators

221

(3)

Quantum Uncertainty and the Eigenvalue Property (Optional)

222

(2)

Summary

224

(7)

7 TUNNELING PHENOMENA

231

(29)

7.1 The Square Barrier

231

(7)

7.2 Barrier Penetration: Some Applications

238

(15)

Field Emission

239

(3)

α Decay

242

(3)

Ammonia Inversion

245

(2)

Decay of Black Holes

247

(1)

Summary

248

(5)

Essay The Scanning Tunneling Microscope

Roger A. Freedman and Paul K. Hansma

253

(7)

8 QUANTUM MECHANICS IN THREE DIMENSIONS

260

(35)

8.1 Particle in a Three-Dimensional Box

260

(6)

8.2 Central Forces and Angular Momentum

266

(5)

8.3 Space Quantization

271

(2)

8.4 Quantization of Angular Momentum and Energy (Optional)

273

(4)

lz Is Sharp: The Magnetic Quantum Number

275

(1)

L Is Sharp: The Orbital Quantum Number

276

(1)

E Is Sharp: The Radial Wave Equation

276

(1)

8.5 Atomic Hydrogen and Hydrogen-like Ions

277

(10)

The Ground State of Hydrogen-like Atoms

282

(2)

Excited States of Hydrogen-like Atoms

284

(3)

8.6 Antihydrogen

287

(2)

Summary

289

(6)

9 ATOMIC STRUCTURE

295

(39)

9.1 Orbital Magnetism and the Normal Zeeman Effect

296

(6)

9.2 The Spinning Electron

302

(7)

9.3 The Spin-Orbit Interaction and Other Magnetic Effects

309

(3)

9.4 Exchange Symmetry and the Exclusion Principle

312

(4)

9.5 Electron Interactions and Screening Effects (Optional)

316

(3)

9.6 The Periodic Table

319

(6)

9.7 X-Ray Spectra and Moseley's Law

325

(3)

Summary

328

(6)

10 STATISTICAL PHYSICS

334

(1)

10.1 The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution

335

(37)

The Maxwell Speed Distribution for

Gas Molecules in Thermal Equilibrium at Temperature T

341

(2)

The Equipartition of Energy

343

(1)

10.2 Under What Physical Conditions Are Maxwell-Boltzmann Statistics Applicable?

344

(2)

10.3 Quantum Statistics

346

(1)

Wavefunctions and the Bose-Einstein Condensation and Pauli Exclusion Principle

346

(1)

Bose-Einstein and Fermi-Dirac Distributions

347

(4)

10.4 Applications of Bose-Einstein Statistics

351

(1)

Blackbody Radiation

351

(1)

Einstein's Theory of Specific Heat

352

(4)

10.5 An Application of Fermi-Dirac Statistics: The Free-Electron Gas Theory of Metals

356

(4)

Summary

360

(6)

Essay Laser Manipulation of Atoms

Steven Chu

366

(6)

11 MOLECULAR STRUCTURE

372

(1)

11.1 Bonding Mechanisms: A Survey

373

(31)

Ionic Bonds

374

(1)

Covalent Bonds

374

(1)

van der Waals Bonds

375

(2)

The Hydrogen Bond

377

(1)

11.2 Molecular Rotation and Vibration

377

(1)

Molecular Rotation

378

(3)

Molecular Vibration

381

(4)

11.3 Molecular Spectra

385

(5)

11.4 Electron Sharing and the Covalent Bond

390

(1)

The Hydrogen Molecular Ion

390

(6)

The Hydrogen Molecule

396

(1)

11.5 Bonding in Complex Molecules (Optional)

397

(2)

Summary

399

(5)

Web Appendix Overlap Integrals of Atomic Wavefunctions

12 THE SOLID STATE

404

(1)

12.1 Bonding in Solids

405

(59)

Ionic Solids

405

(3)

Covalent Solids

408

(1)

Metallic Solids

409

(1)

Molecular Crystals

409

(1)

Amorphous Solids

410

(3)

12.2 Classical Free Electron Model of Metals

413

(1)

Ohm's Law

414

(4)

Classical Free Electron Theory of Heat Conduction

418

(2)

12.3 Quantum Theory of Metals

420

(1)

Replacement of vrmswith vf

421

(1)

Wiedemann-Franz Law Revisited

422

(1)

Quantum Mean Free Path of Electrons

423

(2)

12.4 Band Theory of Solids

425

(1)

Isolated-Atom Approach to Band Theory

425

(1)

Conduction in Metals, Insulators, and Semiconductors

426

(3)

Energy Bands from Electron Wave Reflections

429

(4)

12.5 Semiconductor Devices

433

(1)

The p-n Junction

433

(3)

Light-Emitting and -Absorbing

Diodes-LEDs and Solar Cells

436

(1)

The Junction Transistor

437

(2)

The Field-Effect Transistor (FET)

439

(2)

The Integrated Circuit

441

(2)

12.6 Superconductivity

443

(4)

12.7 Lasers

447

(1)

Absorption, Spontaneous Emission, and Stimulated Emission

447

(2)

Population Inversion and Laser Action

449

(2)

Semiconductor Lasers

451

(3)

Summary

454

(10)

Web Essay The Invention of the Laser

S.A. Marshall

Web Essay Photovoltaic Conversion

John D. Meakin

Web Chapter Superconductivity

13 NUCLEAR STRUC TUI

13.1 Some Properties of Nuclei

464

(39)

Charge and Mass

465

(1)

Size and Structure of Nuclei

466

(2)

Nuclear Stability

468

(1)

Nuclear Spin and Magnetic Moment

469

(1)

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Magnetic Resonance Imaging

470

(2)

13.2 Binding Energy and Nuclear Forces

472

(4)

13.3 Nuclear Models

476

(60)

Liquid-Drop Model

476

(2)

Independent-Particle Model

478

(1)

Collective Model

479

(1)

13.4 Radioactivity

479

(5)

13.5 Decay Processes

484

(1)

Alpha Decay

484

(3)

Bela Decay

487

(2)

Carbon Dating

489

(2)

Gamma Decay

491

(1)

13.6 Natural Radioactivity

492

(1)

Four Radioactive Series

492

(1)

Determining the Age of the Earth

493

(2)

Summary

495

(8)

14 NUCLEAR PHYSICS APPLICATIONS

503

(1)

14.1 Nuclear Reactions

503

(3)

14.2 Reaction Cross Section

506

(2)

14.3 Interactions Involving Neutrons

508

(2)

14.4 Nuclear Fission

510

(3)

14.5 Nuclear Reactors

513

(34)

Neutron Leakage

515

(1)

Regulating Neutron Energies

515

(1)

Neutron Capture

515

(1)

Control of Power Level

515

(1)

Safety and Waste Disposal

516

(1)

14.6 Nuclear Fusion

517

(1)

Fusion Reactions

518

(3)

Magnetic Field Confinement

521

(2)

Inertial Confinement

523

(1)

Fusion Reactor Design

524

(2)

Advantages and Problems of Fusion

526

(1)

14.7 Interaction of Particles with Matter

526

(1)

Heavy Charged Particles

526

(2)

Electrons

528

(1)

Photons

528

(2)

14.8 Radiation Damage in Matter

530

(2)

14.9 Radiation Detectors

532

(4)

14.10 Uses of Radiation

536

(3)

Tracing

536

(1)

Neutron Activation Analysis

537

(1)

Radiation Therapy

538

(1)

Food Preservation

539

(1)

Summary

539

(8)

15 ELEMENTARY PARTICLES

547

(1)

15.1 The Fundamental Forces in Nature

548

(2)

15.2 Positrons and Other Antiparticles

550

(3)

15.3 Mesons and the Beginning of Particle Physics

553

(3)

15.4 Classification of Particles

556

Hadrons

556

(1)

Leptons

557

(1)

The Solar Neutrino Mystery and Neutrino Oscillations

558

(1)

15.5 Conservation Laws

559

(1)

Baryon Number

560

(1)

Lepton Number

560

(1)

15.6 Strange Particles and Strangeness

561

(2)

15.7 How Are Elementary Particles Produced and Particle Properties Measured?

563

(1)

Resonance Particles

564

(4)

Energy Considerations in Particle Production

568

(3)

15.8 The Eightfold Way

571

(3)

15.9 Quarks

574

(1)

The Original Quark Model

574

(1)

Charm and Other Developments

575

(2)

15.10 Colored Quarks, or Quantum Chromodynamics

577

(3)

Experimental Evidence for Quarks

578

(1)

Explanation of Nuclear Force in Terms of Quarks

579

(1)

15.11 Electroweak Theory and the Standard Model

580

(2)

15.12 Beyond the Standard Model

582

(1)

Grand Unification Theory and Supersymmetry

582

(1)

String Theory--A New Perspective

582

(1)

Summary

583

(7)

Essay How to Find a Top Quark

590

Melissa Franklin and David Keslenbaum

16 COSMOLOGY

(Web Only)

APPENDIX A BEST KNOWN VALUES FOR PHYSICAL CONSTANTS

A.1

APPENDIX B TABLE OF SELECTED ATOMIC MASSES

A.2

APPENDIX C NOBEL PRIZES

A.7

ANSWERS TO ODD-NUMBERED PROBLEMS

A.12

INDEX

I.1

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Modern Physics

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials