Natural Law Republicanism Cicero's Liberal Legacy

By any metric, Cicero's works are some of the most widely read in the history of Western thought. Natural Law Republicanism suggests that perhaps his most lasting and significant contribution to philosophy lies in helping to inspire the development of liberalism. Individual rights, the protection of private property, and political legitimacy based on the consent of the governed are often taken to be among early modern liberalism's unique innovations and part of its rebellion against classical thought.

However, Michael C. Hawley demonstrates how Cicero's thought played a central role in shaping and inspiring the liberal republican project. Cicero argued that liberty for individuals could arise only in a res publica in which the claims of the people to be sovereign were somehow united with a commitment to universal moral law, which limits what the people can rightfully do. Figures such as Hugo Grotius, John Locke, and John Adams sought to work through the tensions in Cicero's vision, laying the groundwork for a theory of politics in which the freedom of the individual and the people's collective right to rule were mediated by natural law.

Tracing the development of this intellectual tradition from Cicero's original articulation through the American Founding, Natural Law Republicanism explores how our modern political ideas remain dependent on the legacy of one of Rome's great philosopher-statesmen.

Michael C. Hawley is Managing Director of Duke University's Program in American Values and Institutions.

Introduction: The Dream of a Republic

Chapter 1: Cicero: Natural Law and Republican Liberty

Chapter 2: Machiavelli's Commonwealth Without Justice

Chapter 3: Two Ciceronian Traditions in the Aftermath of Machiavelli
a. Part 1: Modern Natural Law: Grotius and Pufendorf
b. Part 2: An English Commonwealth
c. Part 3: An Abortive Convergence

Chapter 4: Locke's Ciceronian Liberalism

Chapter 5: Adams, Wilson, and the American Res Publica

Chapter 6: Epilogue