The New Public Speaker

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ISBN: 9780155027084 | 0155027085
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 8/1/1996

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An exciting new entry intended for public speaking courses, this text by the well-respected author team of George Rodman and Ronald Adler presents balanced coverage of public speaking theory and skill.

PART I: FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS

Introduction

(22)

The Study of Public Speaking

(3)

Public Speaking and Careers

(1)

Public Speaking and Personal Development

(1)

Public Speaking and Democracy

(1)

Public Speaking and Critical Thinking

(1)

The Media/Information Age

(2)

Getting Started: The First Speech

(7)

Initial Planning

(1)

Choosing a Topic

(1)

Defining a Purpose

(1)

Analyzing the Audience

(1)

Rough Construction

(1)

Doing Research

(1)

Organizing and Outlining

(1)

Choosing Supporting Material

(1)

Finishing Touches

(1)

Introducing and Concluding

(1)

Making It Visual

(1)

Practicing Delivery

(1)

Controlling Speech Anxiety

(2)

Listening and Criticism

(1)

Sample Speech: ``Don't Call Them Dreadlocks''

(2)

Pearlita Peters

Summary

(1)

Exercises

(2)

Notes

(1)

Critical Listening and Constructive Criticism

(27)

The Effects of Media on Listening

(3)

Causes of Ineffective Listening

(2)

Message Overload

(1)

Rapid Thought

(1)

Making Assumptions

(1)

Prejudicial Judgments

(1)

Cultural Attitudes toward Speaking and Listening

(1)

Improving Listening

(6)

Be Prepared to Listen

(1)

Control Distractions

(1)

Withhold Judgment

(2)

Take Notes

(2)

Make the Thought/Speech Differential Work for You

(1)

Offering Constructive Criticism

(4)

Be Positive

(1)

Be Nonjudgmental

(2)

Be Substantive

(1)

Sample Speech: ``Speak with Style and Watch the Impact''

(5)

Carl Wayne Hensley

Summary

(1)

Exercises

(2)

Notes

(2)

The Ethics of Speechmaking

(23)

Ethics in the Media/Information Age

(3)

Ethical Guidelines: General Principles

(6)

The Ethical Continuum

(1)

Honesty

(1)

Withholding Information

(2)

Pandering

(1)

Accuracy

(1)

Ignorant Misstatement

(1)

Reporting Opinion as Fact

(1)

Reporting Rumors as Truth

(1)

The Audience Interest

(1)

Specific Guidelines

(5)

Plagiarism

(2)

Statistics

(1)

Being Rational

(2)

Ethical Listening

(1)

Sample Speech: ``Debunking the Vitamin Myth''

(4)

Dane M. Perino

Summary

(1)

Exercises

(2)

Notes

(1)

PART II: FUNDAMENTAL STEPS IN SPEECH DEVELOPMENT

Topic, Purpose, and Central Idea

(22)

Choosing a Topic

(1)

Why Is Topic Choice Part of a Speech Assignment?

(1)

Topic Selection in the Media/Information Age

(1)

Guidelines for Topic Selection

(5)

Start with Your Own Interests

(1)

Choose a Topic You Know Something About

(1)

Move from Internally Generated to Externally Generated Topics

(1)

Multiply Topic Ideas through Analysis

(1)

Combine Topic Ideas to Create a Fresh Approach

(1)

Look for a Topic Early

(1)

Stick with the Topic You've Chosen

(1)

Keep the Audience in Mind

(1)

Determining Your Purpose

(4)

General Purpose

(1)

Specific Purpose

(2)

The Central Idea

(1)

Sample Speech: ``Tragic Trilogy''

(5)

Glen Martin

Comments

(1)

Summary

(1)

Exercises

(1)

Notes

(1)

Audience Analysis and Adaptation

(35)

Audience Analysis in the Media/Information Age

(3)

Collecting Information about Your Audience

(1)

The Importance of Audience Analysis

100

(1)

Demographic Analysis

101

(6)

Gender

102

(1)

Age

102

(1)

Economic Status

103

(1)

Ethnic and Cultural Background

104

(1)

Membership in Social and Professional Groups

105

(1)

Religion

106

(1)

Psychographic Analysis

107

(5)

Types of Audiences

108

(1)

Knowledge

109

(1)

Attitudes

109

(1)

Values

110

(1)

Specific Motives

111

(1)

Situational Analysis

112

(5)

The Nature of the Situation

113

(1)

The ``Rules'' of the Situation

113

(1)

Time Available

114

(1)

Size of the Group

114

(1)

Physical Setting

115

(1)

Context

116

(1)

Guidelines for Using Your Analysis

117

(2)

Avoid Demographic Stereotyping

117

(1)

Consider Audience Diversity

117

(1)

Identify the Target Audience

118

(1)

Avoid Antagonizing Listeners

119

(1)

The Ethics of Adapting to Your Audience

119

(2)

Sample Speech: ``The YMCA and You'' (for two audiences)

121

(4)

Speech Analysis

125

(2)

Summary

127

(1)

Exercises

128

(2)

Notes

130

(1)

Researching the Topic

131

(31)

Research in the Media/Information Age

133

(2)

The Good News about the Information Explosion

133

(1)

...And the Bad News

133

(2)

The Unique Task of Speech Research

135

(1)

Sources of Information

135

(17)

Personal Experience and Knowledge

136

(1)

Information in Your Possession

136

(2)

Personal Observation

138

(1)

Survey Research

139

(1)

Types of Survey Questions

139

(2)

Interviews with Experts

141

(1)

Types of Experts

141

(1)

How to Interview Experts

142

(2)

Authoritative Organizations

144

(1)

Advocates

144

(1)

Impartial Sources

145

(1)

Library Resources

146

(1)

Library Staff

146

(1)

The Library Catalog

147

(1)

Reference Materials

148

(4)

Computerized Reference Services

152

(1)

Research Strategies

152

(3)

Get an Early Start

153

(1)

Be Systematic

153

(1)

Be Methodical

154

(1)

Sample Speech: ``Transracial Adoption''

155

(4)

Sara Hessenflow

Summary

159

(1)

Exercises

159

(2)

Notes

161

(1)

Supporting Material

162

(28)

Supporting Ideas in the Media/Information Age

164

(1)

Functions of Supporting Materials

164

(4)

To Clarify

165

(1)

To Make Interesting

165

(1)

To Make Memorable

166

(1)

To Prove

167

(1)

Types of Supporting Material

168

(10)

Facts

168

(1)

Facts, Inferences, and Opinions

168

(1)

Examples

169

(1)

Descriptions

170

(1)

Analogies

171

(1)

Anecdotes

172

(1)

Statistics

173

(1)

Statistical Confusion

174

(2)

Rules for Using Statistics

176

(1)

Quotations

176

(2)

Guidelines for Evaluating Support

178

(4)

Ethics

178

(1)

Currency

179

(1)

Relevancy

180

(1)

Reliability

181

(1)

Sample Speech: ``America's Youth in Crisis''

182

(4)

Rebecca Witte

Summary

186

(1)

Exercises

186

(2)

Notes

188

(2)

Organization and Outlining

190

(28)

Organization in the Media/Information Age

192

(1)

Outlining

193

(9)

Types of Outlines

193

(1)

Formal Outlines

194

(1)

Working Outlines

195

(1)

Speaking Notes

195

(1)

Principles of Outlining

196

(1)

Standard Symbols

196

(1)

Standard Format

197

(1)

Guidelines for Choosing Points

197

(1)

Divide Points into at Least Two Parts

197

(1)

Limit the Number of Points

197

(1)

Limit Each Point to One Idea

198

(1)

Balance the Coverage of Points

199

(1)

Use Parallel Wording for Points

199

(1)

Other Parts of the Speech Outline

200

(2)

Patterns of Organization

202

(5)

Chronological Patterns

202

(2)

Spatial Patterns

204

(1)

Causal Patterns

204

(1)

Problem-Solution Patterns

205

(1)

Topical Patterns

205

(2)

Connectives

207

(3)

Transitions

208

(1)

Internal Previews and Reviews

208

(1)

Signposts

209

(1)

Sample Speech: ``Superbugs: Scourge of the Post-Antibiotic Era''

210

(5)

Andy Wood

Summary

215

(1)

Exercises

216

(1)

Notes

217

(1)

PART III: FURTHER STEPS IN DEVELOPING A SPEECH

Introductions and Conclusions

218

(27)

Lessons from the Media

220

(1)

The Introduction

220

(12)

Gain Audience Attention

221

(1)

Refer to the Audience

221

(2)

Refer to the Occasion

223

(1)

Refer to Something Familiar to the audience

223

(1)

Cite a Startling Fact or Opinion

224

(1)

Ask a Question

224

(1)

Tell an Anecdote

225

(1)

Use a Quotation

225

(1)

Tell a Joke

225

(1)

Preview the Central Idea

226

(1)

Preview the Main Points

227

(1)

Set the Mood and Tone of the Speech

228

(1)

Establish Credibility and Goodwill

229

(1)

Demonstrate the Importance of Your Topic

230

(1)

Developing Introductions

231

(1)

Plan the Introduction After the Body

231

(1)

Strive for Unity

232

(1)

The Conclusion

232

(5)

Review the Central Idea

233

(1)

Summarize the Main Points

234

(1)

Provide Closure

235

(1)

Developing Conclusions

236

(1)

Plan Your Conclusion After the Body

236

(1)

General Guidelines

237

(1)

Sample Speech: ``Faceless Enemies''

237

(4)

Donald McPartland

Summary

241

(1)

Exercises

242

(1)

Notes

243

(2)

Visual Aids

245

(34)

Visual Impact in the Media/Information Age

247

(4)

Added Interest

247

(1)

Greater Clarity

247

(1)

Increased Credibility

248

(1)

More Memorable Points

248

(3)

Help for the Speaker

251

(1)

Types of Visual Aids

251

(6)

Objects and Models

252

(1)

Photographs

253

(1)

Diagrams and Maps

253

(1)

Word and Number Charts

253

(2)

Graphs

255

(1)

Demonstrations

255

(2)

Media for Displaying Visuals

257

(5)

Chalkboard

257

(1)

Flip Charts and Posterboards

258

(1)

Overhead Transparencies

259

(1)

Slides

260

(1)

Videotapes

261

(1)

Handouts

262

(1)

High-Tech Options

262

(1)

Principles of Visual Design and Use

262

(6)

Advancing the Speech Purpose

263

(1)

Visibility

263

(1)

Quantity and Quality of Visuals

264

(1)

Avoiding Distractions

264

(3)

Simplicity

267

(1)

Integrating Visuals into the Speech

267

(1)

Practicing with Visuals

268

(1)

Sample Speech: ``Reasons to Consider Vegetarianism''

268

(8)

Jeanne Klafin

Summary

276

(1)

Exercises

277

(1)

Notes

278

(1)

Style: Delivery and Language Choices

279

(33)

Delivery, Language, and the Media/Information Age

281

(1)

Types of Delivery

281

(5)

Impromptu Speeches

282

(2)

Extemporaneous Speeches

284

(1)

Manuscript Speeches

285

(1)

Memorized Speeches

285

(1)

Written and Spoken Style

286

(1)

Language Choices

287

(7)

Clarity

287

(1)

Specificity

288

(1)

Concreteness

289

(1)

Vividness

290

(1)

Appropriateness

291

(1)

Obscenity

292

(1)

Slang

292

(1)

Jargon

292

(1)

Bigotry

293

(1)

Nonverbal Aspects of Delivery

294

(7)

Visual Nonverbal Aspects of Delivery

294

(1)

Appearance

294

(1)

Movement

295

(1)

Posture

295

(1)

Facial Expression

296

(1)

Eye Contact

296

(1)

Time Usage

297

(1)

Auditory Nonverbal Aspects of Delivery

297

(1)

Volume

298

(1)

Rate

298

(1)

Pitch

299

(1)

Articulation

299

(2)

Speaking with Confidence

301

(2)

Recognizing Sources of Speech Anxiety

301

(2)

Sample Speech: ``EMS for Kids''

303

(5)

Amy Wong

Summary

308

(1)

Exercises

309

(1)

Notes

310

(2)

PART IV: APPLICATIONS

Informative Speaking

312

(29)

Informative Speaking in the Information Age

314

(2)

Informative vs. Persuasive Topics

315

(1)

An Informative Topic Tends to Be Noncontroversial

315

(1)

An Informative Speaker Does Not Intend to Change Audience Attitudes

315

(1)

Types of Informative Speeches

316

(3)

Outside the Speech Classroom

316

(1)

In Other Classes

316

(1)

On the Job

317

(1)

In the Community

317

(1)

In the Speech Classroom

317

(1)

Introductions

318

(1)

Instructions

318

(1)

Demonstrations

318

(1)

Explanations

318

(1)

Making the Informative Speech Interesting

319

(5)

Novelty

321

(1)

Variety

322

(1)

Drama

322

(1)

Immediacy

323

(1)

Specificity

324

(1)

Making the Informative Speech Clear

324

(7)

Define Key Terms

324

(2)

Speak at the Level of Your Audience

326

(1)

Cover a Manageable Amount of Material

327

(1)

Use a Simple Organizational Plan

328

(1)

Emphasize Important Points

328

(1)

Involve the Audience

329

(1)

Overt Responses

329

(1)

Use Volunteers

329

(1)

Question-and-Answer Periods

330

(1)

Silent Responses

330

(1)

Sample Speech: ``Myths about Artists and Their Work''

331

(6)

Diane Johnson Handloser

Summary

337

(1)

Exercises

338

(2)

Notes

340

(1)

Persuasion I: Persuasive Strategies

341

(34)

Persuasion in the Media/Information Age

343

(3)

The Ethics of Persuasion

344

(2)

Categorizing Types of Persuasion

346

(3)

Desired Outcome

346

(1)

Convincing

346

(1)

Actuating

346

(1)

Directness of Approach

347

(1)

Direct Persuasion

347

(1)

Indirect Persuasion

347

(1)

Emotion vs. Logic

348

(1)

Theories of Persuasion

349

(5)

Balance Theory

349

(2)

Social Judgment Theory

351

(2)

Inoculation Theory

353

(1)

Planning your Persuasive Strategy

354

(12)

Persuasive Purpose

354

(1)

Persuasive Structure

355

(1)

The Problem

355

(1)

The Solution

355

(1)

The Desired Audience Response

356

(2)

Adapting the Basic Model

358

(2)

Audience Adaptation

360

(1)

Establish Common Ground

361

(1)

Organize According to the Expected Response

361

(1)

Adapt to a Hostile Audience

362

(1)

Building Credibility as a Speaker

363

(1)

Competence

364

(1)

Character

364

(1)

Charisma

365

(1)

Sample Speech: ``Very Fake Badges---Very Real Guns''

366

(4)

Bond Benton

Summary

370

(1)

Exercises

371

(2)

Notes

373

(2)

Persuasion II: Logical Argument

375

(31)

Argumentation in the Media/Information Age

377

(1)

The Structure of Argument

378

(6)

Claims

378

(1)

The Proposition

378

(1)

Propositions of Fact

379

(1)

Propositions of Value

380

(1)

Propositions of Policy

380

(1)

Subclaims

381

(1)

Evidence

382

(1)

The Toulmin Model

382

(2)

Rules for Evaluating Evidence

384

(3)

Currency

384

(1)

Relevancy

384

(1)

Credibility

385

(2)

Sufficiency

387

(1)

Tests of a Sound Argument

387

(6)

Deduction

387

(2)

Induction

389

(2)

Reasoning by Sign

391

(1)

Reasoning by Analogy

391

(1)

Causal Reasoning

392

(1)

Logical Fallacies

393

(5)

Fallacies of Non Sequitur

393

(1)

Post Hoc

393

(1)

Unwarranted Extrapolation

393

(1)

Evasion of Argument

394

(1)

Red Herring

394

(1)

Ad Hominem

395

(1)

Ad Populum

395

(1)

Appeal to Tradition

395

(1)

Straw Argument

396

(1)

Fallacies of Language Use

396

(1)

Weasel Words

397

(1)

Parity Statements

397

(1)

Reasoning by Slogan

397

(1)

Sample Speech: ``Death by Federal Mandate''

398

(4)

Tol Du

Summary

402

(1)

Exercises

403

(2)

Notes

405

(1)

Speaking on Special Occasions

406

(19)

Special Occasion Speaking in the Media/Information Age

408

(1)

Types of Special Occasion Speaking

409

(5)

Introductions

409

(1)

Awards

410

(1)

Acceptances

411

(1)

Speeches of Commemoration

412

(1)

After-Dinner Speeches

413

(1)

Humorous Speaking

414

(6)

Requirements for Humor

414

(1)

Levity

414

(1)

Originality

415

(1)

Appropriateness

416

(1)

Some Techniques of Humor

417

(1)

Humorous Description

417

(1)

Exaggeration

417

(1)

Incongruity

418

(1)

Play on Words

419

(1)

Satire

419

(1)

Sample Speechs: Presentation, Acceptance: 1995 Essence Award

420

(2)

Bill Cosby

Colin Powell

Summary

422

(1)

Exercises

423

(1)

Notes

424

(1)

Group Presentations

425

(28)

Groups in the Media/Information Age

427

(1)

Planning the Group Presentation

428

(7)

Group Goals

429

(1)

Group Roles

430

(1)

Group Norms and Rules

430

(1)

Group Leadership

431

(1)

Types of Leadership

431

(1)

Authoritarian Leadership

431

(1)

Laissez-Faire Leadership

431

(1)

Democratic Leadership

432

(1)

Shared Leadership

432

(1)

Traffic Control

433

(1)

Conflict Control

433

(1)

Agenda Control

434

(1)

Types of Group Presentations

435

(1)

The Symposium

435

(1)

The Panel Discussion

435

(1)

The Forum

436

(1)

Sample Group Presentation: How to Find the Job of Your Dreams

436

(10)

Summary

446

(1)

Exercises

447

(1)

Notes

448

(5)

Index

453

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The New Public Speaker

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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The New Public Speaker

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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