Palestine and the Arab-Israeli Conflict : A History with Documents
, by Smith, Charles D.
- ISBN: 9780312535018 | 0312535015
- Cover: Paperback
- Copyright: 10/6/2009
Palestine and the Arab-Israeli Conflictprovides a comprehensive, balanced, and accessible introduction to the multi-faceted history of the Arab-Israeli conflict. Smith's widely respected analysis examines how underlying issues, group motives, religious and cross-cultural clashes, diplomacy and imperialism, and encroaching modernity shaped this volatile region. The book's narrative and supporting documents, maps, photographs, and chronologies consider high and low politics with perspectives from all sides of the struggle, while the final chapters include the latest developments.
CHARLES D. SMITH is professor of Middle East history in the Department of Near Eastern Studies, University of Arizona. He has held numerous grants for research in the Middle East, was a Fulbright scholar in Egypt, and served as a member of the Institute for Advanced Studies at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. He has published scholarly articles on many topics, including Egyptian Islam, Anglo-French imperialism in the Middle East, and nationalism and identity. Author of Islam and the Search for Social Order in Modern Egypt, he is currently writing a study of Anglo-French relations and European imperial goals in the Middle East during World War I.
Working Table of Contents
[Accurate for Prologue-Ch.10; Ch11 and Epilogue are tentative. Items in brackets—C-heads and Notes—will not set in final front matter.]
Preface
List of Photos and Maps PROLOGUE. THE ARAB-ISRAELI CONFLICT IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE: THE MIDDLE EAST AND PALESTINE TO 1517
ANCIENT ISRAEL AND PALESTINE TO THE COMING OF ISLAM
Political Fragmentation And Rebellion To The Roman Period
Palestine Under Roman And Byzantine Rule
THE ARABS AND THE SPREAD OF ISLAM
Islam and Its Relationship To Judaism and Christianity
PALESTINE UNDER MUSLIM RULE TO 1517
CHRONOLOGY
[NOTES] 1. OTTOMAN SOCIETY, PALESTINE, AND THE ORIGINS OF ZIONISM, 1516-1914
COMMERCIAL RELATIONS AND MILITARY DECLINE, 1500-1800
REGIONAL STRIFE, IMPERIAL INTERVENTIONS, AND OTTOMAN RETRACTION, 1800-1914
OTTOMAN SOCIETY IN AN AGE OF REFORM
EUROPEAN INROADS AND COMMUNIAL TENSIONS TO MID-CENTURY
PALESTINE IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY
Changing Patterns: Trade, Land, Agriculture, and Population
[Palestinian Notables and Absentee Landowners]
[Palestinian Agricultural Productivity]
[Tourists and Immigrants]
[Population and Identity]
ZIONISM: ITS ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT TO 1914
The Jews of Western Europe
Eastern European Jewry and the Rise of Zionism
[The Origins of Zionism]
[Bilu and Hibbat Zion]
Theodore Herzl and the Zionist Movement to 1914
[Herzl and the World Zionist Organization]
[Militant Zionism: The Second Aliya]
THE ARAB RESPONSE TO ZIONISM
Ottoman Policies and Jewish Land Purchases
Growing Apprehension: Palestine and the Arab World
CONCLUSION
QUESTIONS FOR CONSIDERATION
CHRONOLOGY
[NOTES]
DOCUMENT 1.1 Working-Class Conditions, 1838 and 1873—Greater Syria
DOCUMENT 1.2 The Islahat Fermani [Hatti Humayoun] of February 1856
DOCUMENT 1.3 Theodor Herzl, Der Judenstaat (The Jewish State), 1896
DOCUMENT 1.4 Theodor Herzl, “Who Fears a State?” from Die Welt, February 18, 1898
DOCUMENT 1.5 The Basel Program, 1897 2. WORLD WAR I, GREAT BRITAIN, AND THE PEACE SETTLEMENTS, 1914–1921
WORLD WAR I: THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE AND THE EUROPEAN POWERS
British Imperial Objectives
[Gallipoli and Imperial Bargaining]
[The De Bunsen Committee]
BRITAIN, THE ARABS, AND THE HUSAYN-MCMAHON CORRESPONDENCE, 1915–1916
The Lure of an Arab Revolt
The Husayn-McMahon Correspondence: Defining the Terms
McMahon’s Deception: The Roots of Arab Bitterness
ANGLO-FRENCH INTERESTS AND THE SYKES-PICOT AGREEMENT
Spheres of Control and Influence
British Evaluation of Their Commitments
BRITAIN, PALESTINE, AND THE BALFOUR DECLARATION
Chaim Weizmann and British Politics
British War Aims and Palestine
Negotiating the Text
GOALS VERSUS PROMISES: THE EUROPEAN POWERS, ZIONISM, AND THE ARABS,
1917–1918
Reassuring Sharif Husayn
Syria and “Self-Determination”
Zionist-Arab Fears: The Faysal-Weizmann Agreement
THE PEACE SETTLEMENTS AND THE MANDATE SYSTEM
Faysal and the British-French Struggle for Syria
Wilson, the League of Nations, and the Mandate System
Postwar Crises and the Creation of Transjordan
CONCLUSION
QUESTIONS FOR CONSIDERATION
CHRONOLOGY
[NOTES]
DOCUMENT 2.1 The Husayn-McMahon Correspondence, July 1915–January 1916
DOCUMENT 2.2 Drafts and Final Text of the Balfour Declaration
DOCUMENT 2.3 The Faysal-Weizmann Agreement, January 3, 1919
DOCUMENT 2.4 Resolutions of the General Syrian Congress, July 2, 1919
DOCUMENT 2.5 Article 22 of the Covenant of the League of Nations, January 1920
DOCUMENT 2.6 The Mandate for Palestine, July 24, 1922 3. PALESTINE BETWEEN THE WARS: Zionism, the Palestinian Arabs, and the British Mandate, 1920–1939
THE FIRST PHASE: HOPES FULFILLED AND DASHED, 1918–1920
POLITICAL LEADERSHIP IN THE PALESTINIAN-ARAB AND ZIONIST COMMUNITIES
Palestinian Arabs and British Policies
[The Legislative Council Plans]
[Palestinian Arab Rivalries]
Zionist Leadership in Palestine and Abroad
[Weizmann and the Jewish Agency]
[Palestinian Jews and Labor Zionism]
[Ben-Gurion Triumphs: Mapai and the Histadrut]
[Revisionist Zionism Challenges Labor]
[Agudat Israel]
JEWS AND ARABS UNDER THE MANDATE: THE CLASH OF CONFLICTING ASPIRATIONS
The Land Question
[Patterns of Land Ownership]
[Zionist Land Purchases]
[The Landless Arab Problem]
The Conflict over the Western Wall, 1928-1929
Investigations and Retractions: The Passfield White Paper
EUROPEAN CRISES AND THEIR REPERCUSSIONS: YISHUV EXPANSION AND ARAB REBELLION
The Arab Revolt: Its Roots and Impact on Palestine
[Zionism and the Arab Economy]
[Arab Factions Emerge]
[Al-Qassam and the Outbreak of Violence]
[The Peel Commission and Partition]
[The Second Stage of the Revolt]
[The Legacy of the Revolt]
BRITAIN RETHINKS ITS OBLIGATIONS: THE 1939 WHITE PAPER
Palestine in British Strategy
Partition Foiled: The Woodhead Commission
The St. James Conference
The 1939 White Paper
GREAT BRITAIN AND PALESTINE ON THE EVE OF WORLD WAR II
CONCLUSION
QUESTIONS FOR CONSIDERATION
CHRONOLOGY
[NOTES]
DOCUMENT 3.1 The Churchill White Paper, July 1, 1922
DOCUMENT 3.2 Palestine Royal (Peel) Commission Report, July 1937
DOCUMENT 3.3 The 1939 White Paper 4. WORLD WAR II AND THE CREATION OF THE STATE OF ISRAEL, 1939–1949
PALESTINE, ZIONISM, AND THE WAR EFFORT, 1939–1945
World War II and the Middle East
Palestine: Jewish Immigration and the British Response
The Jewish Division and the Question of Jewish Military Capabilities
The Biltmore Conference and Its Consequences
The White Paper, Partition, and Britain’s Place in the Middle East, 1942-1945
Jewish Terrorism, the Hagana, and the British, 1940-1945
Palestinian Arab Leadership and the Question of Arab Unity, 1939-1945
[Arab Society]
[Arab Nationalism and Regional Rivalries]
THE END OF THE MANDATE AND THE CREATION OF ISRAEL, 1945–1949
The Middle East and Postwar Tensions: Origins of the Cold War
Anglo-American Perspectives on Palestine
Great Britain, the United States, and Zionism, July 1945-February 1947
[British Aims and Zionist Resistance]
[The Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry]
[The Morrison-Grady Committee]
[Zionist Terrorism, British Crackdown, and American Politics]
[Britain Abdicates: The London Conference, February 1947]
UNSCOP and United Nations’ Ratification of Partition, February-November 1947
[The UNSCOP Committee Hearings and Recommendations]
[Palestine Partitioned: The U.N. Debate]
The Battle for Palestine/Israel, December 1947-May 1948
[Arab-Zionist Strife Erupts]
[American Policy in Disarray]
[Dayr Yasin and the Palestinian Refugees]
[Ben-Gurion Proclaims the State of Israel]
The Arab Israeli Wars and the Armistices, 1948-1949
CONCLUSION
QUESTIONS FOR CONSIDERATION
CHRONOLOGY
[NOTES]
DOCUMENT 4.1 The “Final Solution”: Nazi Extermination of European Jewry
DOCUMENT 4.2 UNSCOP’s Plan of Partition with Economic Union
DOCUMENT 4.3 Jamal al-Husayni, Testimony on Palestinian Arab Reaction to the UNSCOP Proposals, September 29, 1947
DOCUMENT 4.4 Rabbi Hillel Silver, Testimony on Zionist Reaction to the UNSCOP Proposals, October 2, 1947
DOCUMENT 4.5 Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel, May 14, 1948
DOCUMENT 4.6 King Abdullah’s Offer to the Zionists, May 1948 5. THE BEGINNING OF THE ARAB-ISRAELI CONFLICT: The Search for Security, 1949–1957
ISRAEL, THE ARAB STATES, AND THE PALESTINIAN/ISRAELI ARABS: 1949–1954
Israel: Government, Citizenship, and the Law
Israeli Arabs: Dispossession and Isolation
The Palestinian Refugees
The Western Allies, Israel, and the Arab-Israeli Conflict
Israeli Views of Arabs and the World
[Ben-Gurionist Activism]
[Moshe Sharett and the Activists]
The Arab States: Domestic Turmoil and Regional Rivalries
[Arab Rivalries and the Struggle for Syria]
[Nasser and the 1952 Egyptian Revolution]
THE COLD WAR AND THE MIDDLE EAST: LOOKING FOR ALLIES, 1953–1955
Containment and the Northern Tier Concept
The Baghdad Pact
Israel, the Lavon Affair, and the Gaza Raid
The Gaza Raid and the Czech Arms Deal
Israel and France Draw Closer
Border Clashes and Blockade of the Straits of Tiran
COUNTDOWN TO SUEZ: FAILED DIPLOMACY AND DREAMS OF EMPIRE, JANUARY–NOVEMBER 1956
Carrots and Sticks: Projects and Peace Proposals
[Project Alpha and the Anderson Mission]
[Aswan Dam Project in Trouble]
Nasser Nationalizes the Canal
Invasion Plans Take Shape
The Attacks and Their Aftermath
CONCLUSION
QUESTIONS FOR CONSIDERATION
CHRONOLOGY
[NOTES]
DOCUMENT 5.1 Letter on the Position of the Palestinian Refugees, November 17, 1949
DOCUMENT 5.2 Gamal Abd al-Nasser, Speech Justifying Nationalization of the Suez Canal Company, July 28, 1956
DOCUMENT 5.3 Golda Meir, Speech to the United Nations General Assembly, March 1, 1957 6. FROM SUEZ TO THE SIX-DAY WAR, 1957–1967
THE STRUGGLE FOR SYRIA AND THE CREATION OF THE UNITED ARAB REPUBLIC, 1957–1958
The United States, Syria, and the Cold War
The United Arab Republic: Conflict and Significance
LEBANON: POLITICAL STRIFE, CIVIL WAR, AND REGIONAL CRISIS, 1957–1958
Maronite Catholics and Lebanese Political Alignments
Lebanon’s Civil War and the Iraqi Revolution
The Arab World in American Perspective: The Cold War Context
INTER-ARAB AND ARAB-ISRAELI TENSIONS, 1958–1964
Nasser Strives to Dominate Arab Politics
Water Wars: Israeli-Syrian Clashes and the Arab Response
The Palestine Question in Arab Politics: The Palestine Liberation Organization and al-Fatah
[PLO Initiatives and Arab Government Reactions]
[Fatah: Background and Policies]
[The Syrian-Fatah Alliance]
[Jordan Between Arab Radicalism and Israeli Retaliation]
ISRAELI POLITICS TO 1967
GREAT POWER RIVALRIES IN THE MIDDLE EAST TO 1967
The United States between Israel and the Arabs
Lyndon Johnson and Israel
The Soviet Union and the Arab World
THE CRISIS ESCALATES: MILITARY CLASHES, MISLEADING ASSURANCES, AND FAILED DIPLOMACY
Syrian-Israeli Tensions and Threats
The Egyptian Blockade of the Tiran Straits
Israeli Debates: Eshkol and the Generals
Israel Attacks: U.S. Assurances and the Pending Egyptian Peace Initiative
THE SIX-DAY WAR: ISRAEL’S CONQUESTS AND AMERICAN EXPECTATIONS
CONCLUSION
QUESTIONS FOR CONSIDERATION
CHRONOLOGY
[NOTES]
DOCUMENT 6.1 Communiqué No. 1 from Headquarters of Asifa Forces (Fatah), January 6, 1965
DOCUMENT 6.2 Gamal Abd al-Nasser, Speech to Members of the Egyptian National Assembly, May 29, 1967
DOCUMENT 6.3 Abba Eban, Speech to the U.N. Security Council on Israel’s Reasons for Going to War, June 6, 1967 7. WAR AND THE SEARCH FOR PEACE IN THE MIDDLE EAST, 1967–1976
THE SEARCH FOR NEGOTIATING LEVERAGE, 1967–1971
The Khartoum Conference
Deliberate Ambiguity: Security Council Resolution 242
PALESTINIAN AGENDAS AND THEIR REGIONAL REPERCUSSIONS
Jordan and the Palestinians
Palestinian Factions and the PLO
Lebanon, the Palestinians, and Israel
WARS OF ATTRITION AND COLD WAR DIPLOMACY: THE ROGERS PLAN
Competing Agendas: Nixon Administration Rivalries and Middle East Policy
Jordan and the Palestinians, August-September 1970
The Jordanian Crisis: Regional and International Repercussions
THE 1973 WAR AND ITS CONSEQUENCES
The Arabs: Seeking Responses to Signals
Israel and the Politics of Expansion: The Galili Document
The 1973 War: The Chance for Diplomacy
[Kissinger’s Shuttle Diplomacy and the Partial Withdrawal Agreements]
[Israeli Politics and Regional Diplomacy]
Tactics and Ultimate Intentions: The PLO and Israel, 1973-1977
[The Rabat Declaration: The PLO Debates Its Objectives]
[PLO Vacillation and Israel’s Reply]
CONCLUSION
QUESTIONS FOR CONSIDERATION
CHRONOLOGY
[NOTES]
DOCUMENT 7.1 U.N. Security Council Resolution 242, November 22, 1967
DOCUMENT 7.2 The Palestinian National Charter: Resolutions of the Palestine National Council, July 1–17, 1968; PLO Resolution on Security Council Resolution 242, June 1974
DOCUMENT 7.3 U.N. Security Council Resolution 338, October 22, 1973
DOCUMENT 7.4 Yasir Arafat’s Address to the U.N. General Assembly, November 13, 1974
DOCUMENT 7.5 Yosef Tekoah, Response to Arafat’s Address, November 13, 1974 8. LEBANON, THE WEST BANK, AND THE CAMP DAVID ACCORDS: The Palestinian Equation in the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1977–1984
THE LEBANESE CIVIL WAR AND ITS AFTERMATH, 1975–1978
Roots of the Lebanese Conflict
Arab Factions and Alignments vis-à-vis Syria and Israel
U.S. Diplomacy and Regional Strife
THE CARTER ADMINISTRATION AND CAMP DAVID, JANUARY 1977–SEPTEMBER 1978
Carter’s Failed Attempts to Restructure Negotiating Parameters
The Road to Camp David, November 1977-September 1978
Camp David Exchanges: The West Bank and the Gaza Strip
The Egyptian-Israeli Peace Treaty: The Carter Legacy
THE REAGAN ADMINISTRATION AND THE ARAB-ISRAELI CONFLICT
The Anti-Communist Crusade: The Middle East in Global Perspective
West Bank and Israeli Arabs between Jordan and Israel, 1948-1977
[The West Bank Economy Under Israeli Control]
[Israeli West Bank Tactics and Domestic Politics]
[Israeli Arabs in the Israeli State]
Sharon’s Vision: Israel, Israeli Arabs, and the West Bank, 1977-1982
Begin and the West Bank after Camp David
LEBANON: THE STRUGGLE FOR HEGEMONY
The Phalange-Likud Alliance
American Diplomacy and Its Impact
The Israeli Invasion of Lebanon, August 1981-September 1982
[Sharon’s Plan for Lebanon and the PLO]
[U.S. Intervention and the Reagan Plan]
[Gemayel’s Assassination and the Sabra-Shatila Massacres]
America’s Lebanon Policy, September 1982-February 1984
LEBANON POSTSCRIPT, 1984–2006
CONCLUSION
QUESTIONS FOR CONSIDERATION
CHRONOLOGY
[NOTES]
DOCUMENT 8.1 Platform of the Likud Coalition, March 1977
DOCUMENT 8.2 Anwar al-Sadat, Speech to the Israeli Knesset, November 20, 1977
DOCUMENT 8.3 Menachem Begin, Reply to President Sadat, November 20, 1977
DOCUMENT 8.4 A Framework for Peace in the Middle East Agreed at Camp David, September 17, 1978 9. FROM PARIAH TO PARTNER: The PLO and the Quest for Peace in Global and Regional Contexts, 1984–1993
PEACE GAMBITS, TERRORISM, AND POLITICAL STRIFE, 1984–1987
Competing Agendas and Coalition Politics: Israel and the Jordanian Option
Temporary Allies: The Husayn-Arafat Accord
The United States and Israel: Cold War Calculations
THE INTIFADA
Roots of the Intifada
The Gaza Strip
Intifada: The First Two Years, December 1987-December 1989
[The Israeli Perspective]
[The Palestinian Response]
The Intifada and Islamic Resistance
The Intifada and International Politics, 1988-1991
[The PNC Declaration of Palestinian Independence]
[Shamir Strives to Derail Peace Efforts]
[Washington Discards Arafat]
THE FIRST GULF CRISIS
The United States: Motives and Opportunities
Arab and Israeli Reactions to the Gulf Crisis
The Intifada, the Gulf Crisis, and the Negotiating Process
DIPLOMACY AND CONFLICT: THE MADRID TALKS, OCTOBER 1991–SUMMER 1993
CONCLUSION
QUESTIONS FOR CONSIDERATION
CHRONOLOGY
[NOTES]
DOCUMENT 9.1 Communiqué No. 1 of the Intifada Issued by the Unified National Leadership, January 8, 1988
DOCUMENT 9.2 Leaflet No. 1 of the Islamic Resistance Movement (Hamas), January 1988 10. ISRAELI-PALESTINIAN/ARAB NEGOTIATIONS AND AGREEMENTS, 1993–1999
THE 1993 OSLO ACCORD
The Terms
Analysis of the Accord
East Jerusalem and the Settlements
THE POLITICS AND ECONOMICS OF VIOLENCE
Economic and Diplomatic Inequalities
Prelude to Oslo 2
OSLO 2 AND THE RABIN ASSASSINATION
Terms of the Agreement
The Rabin Assassination
FROM RABIN TO NETANYAHU: THE PERES GOVERNMENT AND LIKUD’S VICTORY, NOVEMBER 1995–MAY 1996
THE NETANYAHU GOVERNMENT, JUNE 1996–JULY 1999
Reciprocity and Confrontation
The Hebron Agreement, January 1997
Palestinian Communal Tensions and Charges of Corruption
The Mashal Affair
The Wye Memorandum and the Collapse of the Netanyahu Coalition
Jewish Communal Strife: The Culture War Intensifies
DOMESTIC AND REGIONAL REALIGNMENTS, DECEMBER 1998–JULY 1999
CONCLUSION
QUESTIONS FOR CONSIDERATION
CHRONOLOGY
[NOTES]
DOCUMENT 10.1 The Israeli-PLO Declaration of Principles, Washington, D.C., September 13, 1993
DOCUMENT 10.2 The Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement (Oslo 2) on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, September 28, 1995 11. Is the Two-State Solution Dead?: Camp David 2000, Palestinian Rebellion, and Israeli Unilateralism, 1999–2009
PRELUDE TO CAMP DAVID: JULY 1999–JULY 2000
THE CAMP DAVID TALKS: BACKGROUND AND CONTEXT
WHAT HAPPENED AT CAMP DAVID? JULY 2000
Initial Negotiating Positions
Barak’s Proposal and Clinton’s Role
Conflicting Interpretations
SUBSEQUENT DIPLOMACY
The Clinton Parameters
The Taba Discussions, January 2001
THE SECOND INTIFADA
The Initial Stage, September 2000-March 2001
The Political Context of the Intifada: Bush, Sharon, and Arafat
Intensified Conflict and the Suicide Bombings: The Israeli Barrier
IRAQ AND THE NEOCONSERVATIVE VISION OF A U.S.-ISRAELI STRATEGIC ALLIANCE
OFFICIAL AND UNOFFICIAL REPORTS AND PEACE EFFORTS, 2001–2005
The Sharm al-Sheikh Fact-Finding (Mitchell) Committee
The Rose Garden Address, June 2002
The Road Map vs. the Rose Garden Address
The Aqaba Summit, June 2003
The Geneva Initiative, October 2003
THE ISRAELI DISENGAGEMENT PLAN
The Disengagement Plan and Israeli Politics
Hamas, Fatah, and the Peace Process: Conflict and Fragmentation
Israel, Gaza, and Lebanon: Rockets, Hostages, and Political Ambitions, 2006-2009
THE ANNAPOLIS CONFERENCE, JIMMY CARTER’S PEACE MISSION, AND PRESIDENT BUSH’S SPEECH TO THE ISRAELI KNESSET: NOVEMBER 2007 – MAY 2008
EVENTS LEADING TO ISRAEL’S INVASION OF GAZA, DECEMBER 2008
CONCLUSION
QUESTIONS FOR CONSIDERATION
CHRONOLOGY
NOTES
DOCUMENT 11.1 “You’ll Miss Me Yet”: Interview with Marwan Barghouti, November 9, 2001
DOCUMENT 11.2 “The Urgent Thing, It Is to Unconditionally Disengage Ourselves from the Territories”: Interview with Ami Ayalon, December 22, 2001
DOCUMENT 11.3 Ariel Sharon’s Letter to George W. Bush Outlining the Disengagement Plan, April 14, 2004
DOCUMENT 11.4 President Bush’s Reply to Ariel Sharon’s Letter, April 14, 2004
DOCUMENT 11.5 Ariel Sharon’s Disengagement Plan: Key Principles, April 2004
DOCUMENT 11.6 Arab Peace Plan proposed by Saudi Arabia and adopted at Arab League Summit, Beirut, 2002
DOCUMENT 11.7 Remarks by Secretary Hillary Clinton, February 27, 2009EPILOGUE
Glossary
Selected Bibliography
Index
Chronology
[Accurate for Prologue-Ch.10; Ch11 and Epilogue are tentative. Items in brackets—C-heads and Notes—will not set in final front matter.]
Preface
List of Photos and Maps PROLOGUE. THE ARAB-ISRAELI CONFLICT IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE: THE MIDDLE EAST AND PALESTINE TO 1517
ANCIENT ISRAEL AND PALESTINE TO THE COMING OF ISLAM
Political Fragmentation And Rebellion To The Roman Period
Palestine Under Roman And Byzantine Rule
THE ARABS AND THE SPREAD OF ISLAM
Islam and Its Relationship To Judaism and Christianity
PALESTINE UNDER MUSLIM RULE TO 1517
CHRONOLOGY
[NOTES] 1. OTTOMAN SOCIETY, PALESTINE, AND THE ORIGINS OF ZIONISM, 1516-1914
COMMERCIAL RELATIONS AND MILITARY DECLINE, 1500-1800
REGIONAL STRIFE, IMPERIAL INTERVENTIONS, AND OTTOMAN RETRACTION, 1800-1914
OTTOMAN SOCIETY IN AN AGE OF REFORM
EUROPEAN INROADS AND COMMUNIAL TENSIONS TO MID-CENTURY
PALESTINE IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY
Changing Patterns: Trade, Land, Agriculture, and Population
[Palestinian Notables and Absentee Landowners]
[Palestinian Agricultural Productivity]
[Tourists and Immigrants]
[Population and Identity]
ZIONISM: ITS ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT TO 1914
The Jews of Western Europe
Eastern European Jewry and the Rise of Zionism
[The Origins of Zionism]
[Bilu and Hibbat Zion]
Theodore Herzl and the Zionist Movement to 1914
[Herzl and the World Zionist Organization]
[Militant Zionism: The Second Aliya]
THE ARAB RESPONSE TO ZIONISM
Ottoman Policies and Jewish Land Purchases
Growing Apprehension: Palestine and the Arab World
CONCLUSION
QUESTIONS FOR CONSIDERATION
CHRONOLOGY
[NOTES]
DOCUMENT 1.1 Working-Class Conditions, 1838 and 1873—Greater Syria
DOCUMENT 1.2 The Islahat Fermani [Hatti Humayoun] of February 1856
DOCUMENT 1.3 Theodor Herzl, Der Judenstaat (The Jewish State), 1896
DOCUMENT 1.4 Theodor Herzl, “Who Fears a State?” from Die Welt, February 18, 1898
DOCUMENT 1.5 The Basel Program, 1897 2. WORLD WAR I, GREAT BRITAIN, AND THE PEACE SETTLEMENTS, 1914–1921
WORLD WAR I: THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE AND THE EUROPEAN POWERS
British Imperial Objectives
[Gallipoli and Imperial Bargaining]
[The De Bunsen Committee]
BRITAIN, THE ARABS, AND THE HUSAYN-MCMAHON CORRESPONDENCE, 1915–1916
The Lure of an Arab Revolt
The Husayn-McMahon Correspondence: Defining the Terms
McMahon’s Deception: The Roots of Arab Bitterness
ANGLO-FRENCH INTERESTS AND THE SYKES-PICOT AGREEMENT
Spheres of Control and Influence
British Evaluation of Their Commitments
BRITAIN, PALESTINE, AND THE BALFOUR DECLARATION
Chaim Weizmann and British Politics
British War Aims and Palestine
Negotiating the Text
GOALS VERSUS PROMISES: THE EUROPEAN POWERS, ZIONISM, AND THE ARABS,
1917–1918
Reassuring Sharif Husayn
Syria and “Self-Determination”
Zionist-Arab Fears: The Faysal-Weizmann Agreement
THE PEACE SETTLEMENTS AND THE MANDATE SYSTEM
Faysal and the British-French Struggle for Syria
Wilson, the League of Nations, and the Mandate System
Postwar Crises and the Creation of Transjordan
CONCLUSION
QUESTIONS FOR CONSIDERATION
CHRONOLOGY
[NOTES]
DOCUMENT 2.1 The Husayn-McMahon Correspondence, July 1915–January 1916
DOCUMENT 2.2 Drafts and Final Text of the Balfour Declaration
DOCUMENT 2.3 The Faysal-Weizmann Agreement, January 3, 1919
DOCUMENT 2.4 Resolutions of the General Syrian Congress, July 2, 1919
DOCUMENT 2.5 Article 22 of the Covenant of the League of Nations, January 1920
DOCUMENT 2.6 The Mandate for Palestine, July 24, 1922 3. PALESTINE BETWEEN THE WARS: Zionism, the Palestinian Arabs, and the British Mandate, 1920–1939
THE FIRST PHASE: HOPES FULFILLED AND DASHED, 1918–1920
POLITICAL LEADERSHIP IN THE PALESTINIAN-ARAB AND ZIONIST COMMUNITIES
Palestinian Arabs and British Policies
[The Legislative Council Plans]
[Palestinian Arab Rivalries]
Zionist Leadership in Palestine and Abroad
[Weizmann and the Jewish Agency]
[Palestinian Jews and Labor Zionism]
[Ben-Gurion Triumphs: Mapai and the Histadrut]
[Revisionist Zionism Challenges Labor]
[Agudat Israel]
JEWS AND ARABS UNDER THE MANDATE: THE CLASH OF CONFLICTING ASPIRATIONS
The Land Question
[Patterns of Land Ownership]
[Zionist Land Purchases]
[The Landless Arab Problem]
The Conflict over the Western Wall, 1928-1929
Investigations and Retractions: The Passfield White Paper
EUROPEAN CRISES AND THEIR REPERCUSSIONS: YISHUV EXPANSION AND ARAB REBELLION
The Arab Revolt: Its Roots and Impact on Palestine
[Zionism and the Arab Economy]
[Arab Factions Emerge]
[Al-Qassam and the Outbreak of Violence]
[The Peel Commission and Partition]
[The Second Stage of the Revolt]
[The Legacy of the Revolt]
BRITAIN RETHINKS ITS OBLIGATIONS: THE 1939 WHITE PAPER
Palestine in British Strategy
Partition Foiled: The Woodhead Commission
The St. James Conference
The 1939 White Paper
GREAT BRITAIN AND PALESTINE ON THE EVE OF WORLD WAR II
CONCLUSION
QUESTIONS FOR CONSIDERATION
CHRONOLOGY
[NOTES]
DOCUMENT 3.1 The Churchill White Paper, July 1, 1922
DOCUMENT 3.2 Palestine Royal (Peel) Commission Report, July 1937
DOCUMENT 3.3 The 1939 White Paper 4. WORLD WAR II AND THE CREATION OF THE STATE OF ISRAEL, 1939–1949
PALESTINE, ZIONISM, AND THE WAR EFFORT, 1939–1945
World War II and the Middle East
Palestine: Jewish Immigration and the British Response
The Jewish Division and the Question of Jewish Military Capabilities
The Biltmore Conference and Its Consequences
The White Paper, Partition, and Britain’s Place in the Middle East, 1942-1945
Jewish Terrorism, the Hagana, and the British, 1940-1945
Palestinian Arab Leadership and the Question of Arab Unity, 1939-1945
[Arab Society]
[Arab Nationalism and Regional Rivalries]
THE END OF THE MANDATE AND THE CREATION OF ISRAEL, 1945–1949
The Middle East and Postwar Tensions: Origins of the Cold War
Anglo-American Perspectives on Palestine
Great Britain, the United States, and Zionism, July 1945-February 1947
[British Aims and Zionist Resistance]
[The Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry]
[The Morrison-Grady Committee]
[Zionist Terrorism, British Crackdown, and American Politics]
[Britain Abdicates: The London Conference, February 1947]
UNSCOP and United Nations’ Ratification of Partition, February-November 1947
[The UNSCOP Committee Hearings and Recommendations]
[Palestine Partitioned: The U.N. Debate]
The Battle for Palestine/Israel, December 1947-May 1948
[Arab-Zionist Strife Erupts]
[American Policy in Disarray]
[Dayr Yasin and the Palestinian Refugees]
[Ben-Gurion Proclaims the State of Israel]
The Arab Israeli Wars and the Armistices, 1948-1949
CONCLUSION
QUESTIONS FOR CONSIDERATION
CHRONOLOGY
[NOTES]
DOCUMENT 4.1 The “Final Solution”: Nazi Extermination of European Jewry
DOCUMENT 4.2 UNSCOP’s Plan of Partition with Economic Union
DOCUMENT 4.3 Jamal al-Husayni, Testimony on Palestinian Arab Reaction to the UNSCOP Proposals, September 29, 1947
DOCUMENT 4.4 Rabbi Hillel Silver, Testimony on Zionist Reaction to the UNSCOP Proposals, October 2, 1947
DOCUMENT 4.5 Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel, May 14, 1948
DOCUMENT 4.6 King Abdullah’s Offer to the Zionists, May 1948 5. THE BEGINNING OF THE ARAB-ISRAELI CONFLICT: The Search for Security, 1949–1957
ISRAEL, THE ARAB STATES, AND THE PALESTINIAN/ISRAELI ARABS: 1949–1954
Israel: Government, Citizenship, and the Law
Israeli Arabs: Dispossession and Isolation
The Palestinian Refugees
The Western Allies, Israel, and the Arab-Israeli Conflict
Israeli Views of Arabs and the World
[Ben-Gurionist Activism]
[Moshe Sharett and the Activists]
The Arab States: Domestic Turmoil and Regional Rivalries
[Arab Rivalries and the Struggle for Syria]
[Nasser and the 1952 Egyptian Revolution]
THE COLD WAR AND THE MIDDLE EAST: LOOKING FOR ALLIES, 1953–1955
Containment and the Northern Tier Concept
The Baghdad Pact
Israel, the Lavon Affair, and the Gaza Raid
The Gaza Raid and the Czech Arms Deal
Israel and France Draw Closer
Border Clashes and Blockade of the Straits of Tiran
COUNTDOWN TO SUEZ: FAILED DIPLOMACY AND DREAMS OF EMPIRE, JANUARY–NOVEMBER 1956
Carrots and Sticks: Projects and Peace Proposals
[Project Alpha and the Anderson Mission]
[Aswan Dam Project in Trouble]
Nasser Nationalizes the Canal
Invasion Plans Take Shape
The Attacks and Their Aftermath
CONCLUSION
QUESTIONS FOR CONSIDERATION
CHRONOLOGY
[NOTES]
DOCUMENT 5.1 Letter on the Position of the Palestinian Refugees, November 17, 1949
DOCUMENT 5.2 Gamal Abd al-Nasser, Speech Justifying Nationalization of the Suez Canal Company, July 28, 1956
DOCUMENT 5.3 Golda Meir, Speech to the United Nations General Assembly, March 1, 1957 6. FROM SUEZ TO THE SIX-DAY WAR, 1957–1967
THE STRUGGLE FOR SYRIA AND THE CREATION OF THE UNITED ARAB REPUBLIC, 1957–1958
The United States, Syria, and the Cold War
The United Arab Republic: Conflict and Significance
LEBANON: POLITICAL STRIFE, CIVIL WAR, AND REGIONAL CRISIS, 1957–1958
Maronite Catholics and Lebanese Political Alignments
Lebanon’s Civil War and the Iraqi Revolution
The Arab World in American Perspective: The Cold War Context
INTER-ARAB AND ARAB-ISRAELI TENSIONS, 1958–1964
Nasser Strives to Dominate Arab Politics
Water Wars: Israeli-Syrian Clashes and the Arab Response
The Palestine Question in Arab Politics: The Palestine Liberation Organization and al-Fatah
[PLO Initiatives and Arab Government Reactions]
[Fatah: Background and Policies]
[The Syrian-Fatah Alliance]
[Jordan Between Arab Radicalism and Israeli Retaliation]
ISRAELI POLITICS TO 1967
GREAT POWER RIVALRIES IN THE MIDDLE EAST TO 1967
The United States between Israel and the Arabs
Lyndon Johnson and Israel
The Soviet Union and the Arab World
THE CRISIS ESCALATES: MILITARY CLASHES, MISLEADING ASSURANCES, AND FAILED DIPLOMACY
Syrian-Israeli Tensions and Threats
The Egyptian Blockade of the Tiran Straits
Israeli Debates: Eshkol and the Generals
Israel Attacks: U.S. Assurances and the Pending Egyptian Peace Initiative
THE SIX-DAY WAR: ISRAEL’S CONQUESTS AND AMERICAN EXPECTATIONS
CONCLUSION
QUESTIONS FOR CONSIDERATION
CHRONOLOGY
[NOTES]
DOCUMENT 6.1 Communiqué No. 1 from Headquarters of Asifa Forces (Fatah), January 6, 1965
DOCUMENT 6.2 Gamal Abd al-Nasser, Speech to Members of the Egyptian National Assembly, May 29, 1967
DOCUMENT 6.3 Abba Eban, Speech to the U.N. Security Council on Israel’s Reasons for Going to War, June 6, 1967 7. WAR AND THE SEARCH FOR PEACE IN THE MIDDLE EAST, 1967–1976
THE SEARCH FOR NEGOTIATING LEVERAGE, 1967–1971
The Khartoum Conference
Deliberate Ambiguity: Security Council Resolution 242
PALESTINIAN AGENDAS AND THEIR REGIONAL REPERCUSSIONS
Jordan and the Palestinians
Palestinian Factions and the PLO
Lebanon, the Palestinians, and Israel
WARS OF ATTRITION AND COLD WAR DIPLOMACY: THE ROGERS PLAN
Competing Agendas: Nixon Administration Rivalries and Middle East Policy
Jordan and the Palestinians, August-September 1970
The Jordanian Crisis: Regional and International Repercussions
THE 1973 WAR AND ITS CONSEQUENCES
The Arabs: Seeking Responses to Signals
Israel and the Politics of Expansion: The Galili Document
The 1973 War: The Chance for Diplomacy
[Kissinger’s Shuttle Diplomacy and the Partial Withdrawal Agreements]
[Israeli Politics and Regional Diplomacy]
Tactics and Ultimate Intentions: The PLO and Israel, 1973-1977
[The Rabat Declaration: The PLO Debates Its Objectives]
[PLO Vacillation and Israel’s Reply]
CONCLUSION
QUESTIONS FOR CONSIDERATION
CHRONOLOGY
[NOTES]
DOCUMENT 7.1 U.N. Security Council Resolution 242, November 22, 1967
DOCUMENT 7.2 The Palestinian National Charter: Resolutions of the Palestine National Council, July 1–17, 1968; PLO Resolution on Security Council Resolution 242, June 1974
DOCUMENT 7.3 U.N. Security Council Resolution 338, October 22, 1973
DOCUMENT 7.4 Yasir Arafat’s Address to the U.N. General Assembly, November 13, 1974
DOCUMENT 7.5 Yosef Tekoah, Response to Arafat’s Address, November 13, 1974 8. LEBANON, THE WEST BANK, AND THE CAMP DAVID ACCORDS: The Palestinian Equation in the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1977–1984
THE LEBANESE CIVIL WAR AND ITS AFTERMATH, 1975–1978
Roots of the Lebanese Conflict
Arab Factions and Alignments vis-à-vis Syria and Israel
U.S. Diplomacy and Regional Strife
THE CARTER ADMINISTRATION AND CAMP DAVID, JANUARY 1977–SEPTEMBER 1978
Carter’s Failed Attempts to Restructure Negotiating Parameters
The Road to Camp David, November 1977-September 1978
Camp David Exchanges: The West Bank and the Gaza Strip
The Egyptian-Israeli Peace Treaty: The Carter Legacy
THE REAGAN ADMINISTRATION AND THE ARAB-ISRAELI CONFLICT
The Anti-Communist Crusade: The Middle East in Global Perspective
West Bank and Israeli Arabs between Jordan and Israel, 1948-1977
[The West Bank Economy Under Israeli Control]
[Israeli West Bank Tactics and Domestic Politics]
[Israeli Arabs in the Israeli State]
Sharon’s Vision: Israel, Israeli Arabs, and the West Bank, 1977-1982
Begin and the West Bank after Camp David
LEBANON: THE STRUGGLE FOR HEGEMONY
The Phalange-Likud Alliance
American Diplomacy and Its Impact
The Israeli Invasion of Lebanon, August 1981-September 1982
[Sharon’s Plan for Lebanon and the PLO]
[U.S. Intervention and the Reagan Plan]
[Gemayel’s Assassination and the Sabra-Shatila Massacres]
America’s Lebanon Policy, September 1982-February 1984
LEBANON POSTSCRIPT, 1984–2006
CONCLUSION
QUESTIONS FOR CONSIDERATION
CHRONOLOGY
[NOTES]
DOCUMENT 8.1 Platform of the Likud Coalition, March 1977
DOCUMENT 8.2 Anwar al-Sadat, Speech to the Israeli Knesset, November 20, 1977
DOCUMENT 8.3 Menachem Begin, Reply to President Sadat, November 20, 1977
DOCUMENT 8.4 A Framework for Peace in the Middle East Agreed at Camp David, September 17, 1978 9. FROM PARIAH TO PARTNER: The PLO and the Quest for Peace in Global and Regional Contexts, 1984–1993
PEACE GAMBITS, TERRORISM, AND POLITICAL STRIFE, 1984–1987
Competing Agendas and Coalition Politics: Israel and the Jordanian Option
Temporary Allies: The Husayn-Arafat Accord
The United States and Israel: Cold War Calculations
THE INTIFADA
Roots of the Intifada
The Gaza Strip
Intifada: The First Two Years, December 1987-December 1989
[The Israeli Perspective]
[The Palestinian Response]
The Intifada and Islamic Resistance
The Intifada and International Politics, 1988-1991
[The PNC Declaration of Palestinian Independence]
[Shamir Strives to Derail Peace Efforts]
[Washington Discards Arafat]
THE FIRST GULF CRISIS
The United States: Motives and Opportunities
Arab and Israeli Reactions to the Gulf Crisis
The Intifada, the Gulf Crisis, and the Negotiating Process
DIPLOMACY AND CONFLICT: THE MADRID TALKS, OCTOBER 1991–SUMMER 1993
CONCLUSION
QUESTIONS FOR CONSIDERATION
CHRONOLOGY
[NOTES]
DOCUMENT 9.1 Communiqué No. 1 of the Intifada Issued by the Unified National Leadership, January 8, 1988
DOCUMENT 9.2 Leaflet No. 1 of the Islamic Resistance Movement (Hamas), January 1988 10. ISRAELI-PALESTINIAN/ARAB NEGOTIATIONS AND AGREEMENTS, 1993–1999
THE 1993 OSLO ACCORD
The Terms
Analysis of the Accord
East Jerusalem and the Settlements
THE POLITICS AND ECONOMICS OF VIOLENCE
Economic and Diplomatic Inequalities
Prelude to Oslo 2
OSLO 2 AND THE RABIN ASSASSINATION
Terms of the Agreement
The Rabin Assassination
FROM RABIN TO NETANYAHU: THE PERES GOVERNMENT AND LIKUD’S VICTORY, NOVEMBER 1995–MAY 1996
THE NETANYAHU GOVERNMENT, JUNE 1996–JULY 1999
Reciprocity and Confrontation
The Hebron Agreement, January 1997
Palestinian Communal Tensions and Charges of Corruption
The Mashal Affair
The Wye Memorandum and the Collapse of the Netanyahu Coalition
Jewish Communal Strife: The Culture War Intensifies
DOMESTIC AND REGIONAL REALIGNMENTS, DECEMBER 1998–JULY 1999
CONCLUSION
QUESTIONS FOR CONSIDERATION
CHRONOLOGY
[NOTES]
DOCUMENT 10.1 The Israeli-PLO Declaration of Principles, Washington, D.C., September 13, 1993
DOCUMENT 10.2 The Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement (Oslo 2) on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, September 28, 1995 11. Is the Two-State Solution Dead?: Camp David 2000, Palestinian Rebellion, and Israeli Unilateralism, 1999–2009
PRELUDE TO CAMP DAVID: JULY 1999–JULY 2000
THE CAMP DAVID TALKS: BACKGROUND AND CONTEXT
WHAT HAPPENED AT CAMP DAVID? JULY 2000
Initial Negotiating Positions
Barak’s Proposal and Clinton’s Role
Conflicting Interpretations
SUBSEQUENT DIPLOMACY
The Clinton Parameters
The Taba Discussions, January 2001
THE SECOND INTIFADA
The Initial Stage, September 2000-March 2001
The Political Context of the Intifada: Bush, Sharon, and Arafat
Intensified Conflict and the Suicide Bombings: The Israeli Barrier
IRAQ AND THE NEOCONSERVATIVE VISION OF A U.S.-ISRAELI STRATEGIC ALLIANCE
OFFICIAL AND UNOFFICIAL REPORTS AND PEACE EFFORTS, 2001–2005
The Sharm al-Sheikh Fact-Finding (Mitchell) Committee
The Rose Garden Address, June 2002
The Road Map vs. the Rose Garden Address
The Aqaba Summit, June 2003
The Geneva Initiative, October 2003
THE ISRAELI DISENGAGEMENT PLAN
The Disengagement Plan and Israeli Politics
Hamas, Fatah, and the Peace Process: Conflict and Fragmentation
Israel, Gaza, and Lebanon: Rockets, Hostages, and Political Ambitions, 2006-2009
THE ANNAPOLIS CONFERENCE, JIMMY CARTER’S PEACE MISSION, AND PRESIDENT BUSH’S SPEECH TO THE ISRAELI KNESSET: NOVEMBER 2007 – MAY 2008
EVENTS LEADING TO ISRAEL’S INVASION OF GAZA, DECEMBER 2008
CONCLUSION
QUESTIONS FOR CONSIDERATION
CHRONOLOGY
NOTES
DOCUMENT 11.1 “You’ll Miss Me Yet”: Interview with Marwan Barghouti, November 9, 2001
DOCUMENT 11.2 “The Urgent Thing, It Is to Unconditionally Disengage Ourselves from the Territories”: Interview with Ami Ayalon, December 22, 2001
DOCUMENT 11.3 Ariel Sharon’s Letter to George W. Bush Outlining the Disengagement Plan, April 14, 2004
DOCUMENT 11.4 President Bush’s Reply to Ariel Sharon’s Letter, April 14, 2004
DOCUMENT 11.5 Ariel Sharon’s Disengagement Plan: Key Principles, April 2004
DOCUMENT 11.6 Arab Peace Plan proposed by Saudi Arabia and adopted at Arab League Summit, Beirut, 2002
DOCUMENT 11.7 Remarks by Secretary Hillary Clinton, February 27, 2009EPILOGUE
Glossary
Selected Bibliography
Index
Chronology
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