Psychological Testing and Assessment : An Introduction to Tests and Measurement

, by Cohen, Ronald Jay

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ISBN: 9780072887679 | 0072887672
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 8/3/2004

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Supplemental Materials

Preface

xvii

PART I An Overview

Psychological Testing and Assessment

(30)

Testing and Assessment

(15)

Psychological Testing and Assessment Defined

(4)

The Tools of Psychological Assessment

(11)

Who, What, Why, and Where?

(1)

Who Are the Parties?

(4)

In What Types of Settings Are Assessments Conducted, and Why?

(6)

Where to Go for Authoritative Information: Reference Sources

Close-Up Types of Computer-Generated Psychological Reports

(6)

Everyday Psychometrics ``The Following Film Is Rated PG-13'' . . . But Whodunnit? How? And Why?

(11)

Self-Assessment

(1)

Web Watch

(1)

Historical, Cultural, and Legal/Ethical Considerations

(31)

A Historical Perspective

(6)

Antiquity to the Nineteenth Century

(1)

The Nineteenth Century

(3)

The Twentieth Century

(2)

Culture and Assessment

(8)

Evolving Interest in Culture-Related Issues

(2)

Some Issues Regarding Culture and Assessment

(3)

Tests and Group Membership

(2)

Legal and Ethical Considerations

(5)

The Concerns of the Public

(4)

The Concerns of the Profession

(8)

The Rights of Testtakers

Close-Up Assessment, Admissions, and Affirmative Action: Grutter v. Bollinger et al. (2003)

(5)

Everyday Psychometrics Life-or-Death Psychological Assessment

(5)

Self-Assessment

(1)

Web Watch

(1)

PART II The Science of Psychological Measurement

A Statistics Refresher

(30)

Scales of Measurement

(5)

Nominal Scales

(1)

Ordinal Scales

(1)

Interval Scales

(1)

Ratio Scales

(1)

Measurement Scales in Psychology

(2)

Describing Data

(15)

Frequency Distributions

(5)

Measures of Central Tendency

(3)

Measures of Variability

(4)

Skewness

(1)

Kurtosis

(1)

The Normal Curve

(3)

The Area Under the Normal Curve

(3)

Standard Scores

(1)

z Scores

(1)

T Scores

(1)

Other Standard Scores

Everyday Psychometrics Consumer (of Graphed Data), Beware!

(11)

Close-Up The Normal Curve and Psychological Tests

(6)

Self-Assessment

(1)

Web Watch

(1)

Of Tests and Testing

(37)

Some Assumptions About Psychological Testing and Assessment

(6)

Assumption 1: Psychological Traits and States Exist

(2)

Assumption 2: Psychological Traits and States Can Be Quantified and Measured

(1)

Assumption 3: Test-Related Behavior Predicts Non-Test-Related Behavior

(1)

Assumption 4: Tests and Other Measurement Techniques Have Strengths and Weaknesses

(1)

Assumption 5: Various Sources of Error Are Part of the Assessment Process

(1)

Assumption 6: Testing and Assessment Can Be Conducted in a Fair and Unbiased Manner

(1)

Assumption 7: Testing and Assessment Benefit Society

(1)

What's a ``Good Test''?

(1)

Reliability

(1)

Validity

(1)

Other Considerations

(1)

Norms

(15)

Standardization, Sampling, and Norming

103

(3)

Types of Norms

106

(3)

Fixed Reference Group Scoring Systems

109

(1)

Norm-Referenced Versus Criterion-Referenced Evaluation

110

(4)

Correlation and Inference

114

(11)

The Concept of Correlation

114

(1)

The Pearson r

115

(2)

The Spearman Rho

117

(1)

Graphic Representations of Correlation

118

(4)

Regression

122

(3)

Inference From Measurement

125

(1)

Meta-Analysis

125

(1)

Culture and Inference

125

Everyday Psychometrics Putting Tests to the Test

100

(11)

Close-Up Good Ol' Norms and the GRE

111

(16)

Self-Assessment

127

(1)

Web Watch

128

(1)

Reliability

129

(27)

The Concept of Reliability

129

(3)

Sources of Error Variance

130

(2)

Reliability Estimates

132

(9)

Test-Retest Reliability Estimates

132

(1)

Parallel-Forms and Alternate-Forms Reliability Estimates

133

(2)

Split-Half Reliability Estimates

135

(2)

Other Methods of Estimating Internal Consistency

137

(3)

Measures of Inter-Scorer Reliability

140

(1)

Using and Interpreting a Coefficient of Reliability

141

(8)

The Purpose of the Reliability Coefficient

141

(1)

The Nature of the Test

142

(4)

Alternatives to the True Score Model

146

(3)

Reliability and Individual Scores

149

(1)

The Standard Error of Measurement

149

(3)

The Standard Error of the Difference Between Two Scores

152

Close-Up The Reliability of the Bayley-II

143

(4)

Everyday Psychometrics The Reliability Defense and the Breathalyzer Test

147

(8)

Self-Assessment

155

(1)

Web Watch

155

(1)

Validity

156

(34)

The Concept of Validity

156

(3)

Face Validity

158

(1)

Content Validity

159

(4)

The Quantification of Content Validity

159

(2)

Culture and the Relativity of Content Validity

161

(2)

Criterion-Related Validity

163

(12)

What Is a Criterion?

163

(1)

Concurrent Validity

164

(1)

Predictive Validity

164

(11)

Construct Validity

175

(6)

Evidence of Construct Validity

176

(5)

Validity, Bias, and Fairness

181

(1)

Test Bias

181

(3)

Test Fairness

184

Close-Up Base Rates and Predictive Validity

172

(14)

Everyday Psychometrics Adjustment of Test Scores by Group Membership: Fairness in Testing or Foul Play?

186

(2)

Self-Assessment

188

(1)

Web Watch

189

(1)

Test Development

190

(42)

Test Conceptualization

190

(4)

Some Preliminary Questions

191

(2)

Pilot Work

193

(1)

Test Construction

194

(17)

Scaling

194

(7)

Writing Items

201

(9)

Scoring Items

210

(1)

Test Tryout

211

(1)

What Is a Good Item?

212

(1)

Item Analysis

212

(13)

The Item-Difficulty Index

212

(2)

The Item-Reliability Index

214

(1)

The Item-Validity Index

214

(1)

The Item-Discrimination Index

215

(2)

Item-Characteristic Curves

217

(3)

Other Considerations in Item Analysis

220

(2)

Qualitative Item Analysis

222

(3)

Test Revision

225

(1)

Test Revision as a Stage in New Test Development

225

(1)

Test Revision in the Life Cycle of an Existing Test

226

Everyday Psychometrics Psychometrics in the Classroom

195

(12)

Close-Up Designing an Item Bank

207

(24)

Self-Assessment

231

(1)

Web Watch

231

(1)

PART III The Assessment of Intelligence

Intelligence and Its Measurement

232

(32)

What Is Intelligence?

232

(11)

Intelligence Defined: Views of the Lay Public

233

(1)

Intelligence Defined: Views of Scholars and Test Professionals

234

(2)

Factor-Analytic Theories of Intelligence

236

(5)

The Information-Processing View

241

(2)

Measuring Intelligence

243

(3)

Types of Tasks Used in Intelligence Tests

243

(1)

Theory in Intelligence Test Development and Interpretation

244

(2)

Intelligence: Some Issues

246

(15)

Nature Versus Nurture

246

(4)

The Stability of Intelligence

250

(1)

Other Issues

251

(10)

A Perspective

261

Everyday Psychometrics Being Gifted

252

(6)

Close-Up Culture Fair/Culture Loaded

258

(4)

Self-Assessment

262

(1)

Web Watch

263

(1)

Tests of Intelligence

264

(36)

The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales

265

(8)

The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales: Fifth Edition

268

(5)

The Wechsler Tests

273

(13)

The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Third Edition (WAIS-III)

275

(4)

The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fourth Edition (WISC-IV)

279

(3)

The Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-Third Edition (WPPSI-III)

282

(2)

Wechsler, Binet, and the Short Form

284

(2)

The Wechsler Tests in Perspective

286

(1)

Other Measures of Intelligence

286

(1)

Tests Designed for Individual Administration

286

(5)

Tests Designed for Group Administration

291

(5)

Measures of Specific Intellectual Abilities

296

Close-Up Factor Analysis

287

(6)

Everyday Psychometrics The Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB): A Test You Can Take

293

(5)

Self-Assessment

298

(1)

Web Watch

298

(2)

Preschool and Educational Assessment

300

(35)

Preschool Assessment

300

(5)

Tools of Preschool Assessment

301

(4)

Achievement Tests

305

(6)

Measures of General Achievement

306

(1)

Measures of Achievement in Specific Subject Areas

307

(4)

Aptitude Tests

311

(7)

The Elementary School Level

313

(1)

The Secondary School Level

314

(2)

The College Level and Beyond

316

(2)

Diagnostic Tests

318

(3)

Reading Tests

319

(1)

Math Tests

320

(1)

Other Diagnostic Tests

321

(1)

Psychoeducational Test Batteries

321

(8)

The Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC)

322

(2)

The Differential Ability Scales (DAS)

324

(3)

The Woodcock-Johnson III (WJ III)

327

(2)

Other Tools of Assessment in Educational Settings

329

(1)

Performance, Portfolio, and Authentic Assessment

329

(2)

Peer Appraisal Techniques

331

(1)

Measuring Study Habits, Interests, and Attitudes

332

Everyday Psychometrics First Impressions

302

(7)

Close-Up Tests of Minimum Competency

309

(24)

Self-Assessment

333

(1)

Web Watch

333

(2)

PART IV The Assessment of Personality

Personality Assessment: An Overview

335

(41)

Personality and Personality Assessment Defined

335

(5)

Personality

335

(1)

Personality Assessment

336

(1)

Traits, Types, and States

336

(4)

Personality Assessment: Some Basic Questions

340

(15)

Who?

341

(4)

What?

345

(2)

Where?

347

(1)

How?

347

(8)

Developing Instruments to Assess Personality

355

(15)

Logic and Reason

356

(1)

Theory

356

(1)

Data Reduction Methods

357

(2)

Criterion Groups

359

(11)

Personality Assessment and Culture

370

(1)

Acculturation and Related Considerations

370

Everyday Psychometrics Some Common Item Formats

350

(22)

Close-Up Assessing Acculturation and Related Variables

372

(2)

Self-Assessment

374

(1)

Web Watch

375

(1)

Personality Assessment Methods

376

(43)

Objective Methods

376

(2)

Projective Methods

378

(24)

Inkblots as Projective Stimuli

379

(5)

Pictures as Projective Stimuli

384

(7)

Words as Projective Stimuli

391

(3)

Sounds as Projective Stimuli

394

(1)

The Production of Figure Drawings

395

(4)

Projective Methods in Perspective

399

(3)

Behavioral Assessment Methods

402

(15)

The Who, What, When, Where, Why, and How of It

404

(3)

Approaches to Behavioral Assessment

407

(7)

Issues in Behavioral Assessment

414

(3)

A Perspective

417

Everyday Psychometrics Confessions of a Behavior Rater

408

(7)

Close-Up Personality, Life Outcomes, and College Yearbook Photos

415

(3)

Self-Assessment

418

(1)

Web Watch

418

(1)

PART V Testing and Assessment in Action

Clinical and Counseling Assessment

419

(39)

An Overview

419

(4)

Clinical Assessment and Managed Care

421

(1)

The Diagnosis of Mental Disorders

421

(2)

The Interview

423

(11)

Types of Interviews

424

(4)

Psychometric Aspects of the Interview

428

(1)

Cultural Aspects of the Interview

429

(5)

Case History Data

434

(1)

Psychological Tests

435

(1)

The Psychological Test Battery

435

(1)

Special Applications of Clinical Measures

436

(16)

The Assessment of Addiction and Substance Abuse

436

(2)

Forensic Psychological Assessment

438

(8)

Custody Evaluations

446

(2)

Child Abuse and Neglect

448

(4)

The Psychological Report

452

(1)

The Barnum Effect

452

(3)

Clinical Versus Mechanical Prediction

455

Close-Up Assessment of Dangerousness and the Secret Service

440

(13)

Everyday Psychometrics Elements of a Typical Report of Psychological Assessment

453

(4)

Self-Assessment

457

(1)

Web Watch

457

(1)

Neuropsychological Assessment

458

(32)

The Nervous System and Behavior

458

(4)

Neurological Damage and the Concept of Organicity

459

(3)

The Neuropsychological Examination

462

(21)

History Taking, the Case History, and Case Studies

464

(2)

The Interview

466

(1)

The Physical Examination

467

(2)

Neuropsychological Tests

469

(13)

Neuropsychological Test Batteries

482

(3)

Other Tools of Neuropsychological Assessment

485

Close-Up Fixed Versus Flexible Neuropsychological Test Batteries and the Law

483

(3)

Everyday Psychometrics Medical Diagnostic Aids and Neuropsychological Assessment

486

(2)

Self-Assessment

488

(1)

Web Watch

488

(2)

The Assessment of People With Disabilities

490

(30)

An Overview

490

(14)

Disability Defined

491

(6)

Assessment and Accommodation

497

(3)

Disability, Assessment, and the Workplace

500

(4)

Assessment and Specific Disabilities

504

(1)

Visual Disabilities

504

(3)

Hearing Disabilities

507

(3)

Visual/Hearing Disabilities

510

(1)

Motor Disabilities

511

(1)

Cognitive Disabilities

512

(4)

Biopsychosocial Assessment

516

(1)

Disability as a Diversity Issue

517

Everyday Psychometrics Public Law 105-17 and Everyday Practice

493

(9)

Close-Up Expert Testimony

502

(16)

Self-Assessment

518

(1)

Web Watch

519

(1)

Assessment, Careers, and Business

520

(1)

Career Choice and Career Transition

520

(16)

Measures of Interest

521

(3)

Measures of Ability and Aptitude

524

(7)

Measures of Personality

531

(3)

Other Measures

534

(2)

Screening, Selection, Classification, and Placement

536

(8)

The Resume and the Letter of Application

537

(1)

The Application Form

537

(1)

Letters of Recommendation

538

(1)

Interviews

538

(1)

Portfolio Assessment

539

(1)

Performance Tests

539

(2)

Physical Tests

541

(3)

Productivity, Motivation, Attitude, and Organizational Culture

544

(9)

Measures of Cognitive Ability

544

(1)

Productivity

545

(2)

Motivation

547

(4)

Attitude

551

(1)

Organizational Culture

552

(1)

Other Applications of Tools of Assessment

553

(1)

Consumer Psychology

554

(2)

The Measurement of Attitudes

556

(3)

Motivation Research Methods

559

Close-Up Validity Generalization and the GATB

527

(27)

Everyday Psychometrics Assessment of Corporate and Organizational Culture

554

(10)

Self-Assessment

564

(1)

Web Watch

564

References

(1)

Credits

(1)

Name Index

(1)

Glossary/Index

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Psychological Testing and Assessment : An Introduction to Tests and Measurement

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials