The Psychology of Women (with InfoTrac)

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ISBN: 9780534579647 | 0534579647
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 6/17/2003

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1. Introduction. 2. Gender Stereotypes and Other Gender Biases. 3. Infancy and Childhood. 4. Adolescence. 5. Cognitive Abilities and Achievement Motivation. 6. Gender Comparisons in Social and Personality Characteristics. 7. Women and Work. 8. Love Relationships. 9. Sexuality. 10. Pregnancy, Childbirth, and Motherhood. 11. Women and Physical Health. 12. Women and Psychological Disorders. 13. Violence Against Women. 14. Women and Older Adults. 15. Moving Onward.

Preface

xix

Introduction

(33)

Central Concepts in the Psychology of Women

(6)

Sex and Gender

(1)

Social Biases

(1)

Feminist Approaches

(1)

Psychological Approaches to Gender Similarity and Difference

(3)

A Brief History of the Psychology of Women

(3)

Early Studies of Gender Comparisons

(1)

The Emergence of the Psychology of Women as a Discipline

(1)

The Current Status of the Psychology of Women

(1)

Women and Ethnicity

(7)

The White-as-Normative Concept

(1)

Women of Color

(4)

U.S.-Centered Nationalism

(2)

Problems and Biases in Research

(8)

Formulating the Hypothesis

(2)

Designing the Study

(1)

Performing the Study

(1)

Interpreting the Data

(1)

Communicating the Findings

(1)

Critical Thinking and the Psychology of Women

(2)

About This Textbook

(7)

Themes of the Book

(2)

How to Use This Book Effectively

(5)

Gender Stereotypes and Other Gender Biases

(38)

Biased Representations of Women and Men

(12)

Gender Biases Throughout History

(3)

Gender Biases in Language

(3)

Gender Biases in the Media

(6)

People's Beliefs About Women and Men

(24)

The Content of Stereotypes

(4)

The Complexity of Contemporary Sexism

(6)

Heterosexism

(2)

The Social Cognitive Approach to Gender Stereotypes

(4)

Gender Stereotypes and Behavior

(2)

Internalizing Gender Stereotypes

(6)

Infancy and Childhood

(37)

Background on Gender Development

(12)

Prenatal Sex Development

(3)

How People Respond to Infant Girls and Boys

(5)

Theories of Gender Development

(4)

Factors That Shape Gender Typing

(16)

Parents

(5)

Peers

(3)

School

(3)

The Media

(5)

Children's Knowledge About Gender

102

(7)

Children's Stereotypes About Activities and Occupations

103

(1)

Children's Stereotypes About Personality

104

(1)

Factors Related to Children's Gender Stereotypes

105

(4)

Adolescence

109

(33)

Puberty and Menstruation

111

(9)

Puberty

111

(1)

Biological Aspects of the Menstrual Cycle

112

(2)

Menstrual Pain

114

(1)

The Controversial Premenstrual Syndrome

115

(3)

Menstrual Joy

118

(1)

Cultural Attitudes Toward Menstruation

119

(1)

Self-Concept and Identity During Adolescence

120

(7)

Body Image and Physical Attractiveness

121

(2)

Feminist Identity

123

(1)

Ethnic Identity

124

(1)

Self-Esteem

125

(2)

Education and Career Planning

127

(6)

Young Women's Experiences in Middle School and High School

127

(1)

Early Experiences in Math and Science

128

(1)

Higher Education

129

(1)

Career Aspirations

130

(1)

Career Aspirations Versus Reality

131

(2)

Interpersonal Relationships During Adolescence

133

(9)

Family Relationships During Adolescence

133

(1)

Friendships During Adolescence

134

(2)

Romantic Relationships During Adolescence

136

(6)

Gender Comparisons in Cognitive Abilities and Attitudes About Success

142

(29)

Background on Gender Comparisons

144

(3)

Cautions About Research on Gender Comparisons

144

(2)

Two Approaches to Summarizing Multiple Studies

146

(1)

Cognitive Abilities

147

(14)

Cognitive Abilities That Show No Consistent Gender Differences

148

(1)

Verbal Ability

149

(2)

Mathematics Ability

151

(2)

Spatial Ability

153

(4)

Explaining the Gender Comparisons

157

(4)

Achievement Motivation and Attitudes About Success

161

(10)

Biases in the Research on Achievement Motivation

161

(1)

Achievement Motivation

162

(1)

Fear of Success

162

(1)

Confidence in Your Own Achievement and Ability

163

(3)

Attributions for Your Own Success

166

(5)

Gender Comparisons in Social and Personality Characteristics

171

(35)

Communication Patterns

174

(12)

Verbal Communication

175

(2)

Nonverbal Communication

177

(6)

Potential Explanations for Gender Differences in Communication

183

(3)

Characteristics Related to Helping and Caring

186

(8)

Altruism

187

(1)

Nurturance

188

(1)

Empathy

189

(1)

Moral Judgments Concerning Other People

190

(2)

Friendship

192

(2)

Characteristics Related to Aggression and Power

194

(12)

Gender and Aggression: The Social Constructionists' Concerns

195

(1)

Overt Aggression Versus Relational Aggression

196

(1)

Gender and Aggression: Other Important Factors

197

(2)

Leadership

199

(2)

Persuasion

201

(5)

Women and Work

206

(38)

Background Factors Related to Women's Employment

208

(7)

What Factors Are Related to Women's Employment?

209

(1)

Women and Welfare

210

(2)

Discrimination in Hiring Patterns

212

(3)

Discrimination in the Workplace

215

(9)

Salary Discrimination

216

(3)

Discrimination in Promotions

219

(1)

Other Kinds of Treatment Discrimination

220

(1)

Discrimination Against Lesbians in the Workplace

221

(1)

What to Do About Treatment Discrimination

222

(2)

Women's Experiences in Selected Occupations

224

(9)

Employment in Traditionally Female Occupations

224

(3)

Employment in Traditionally Male Professions

227

(2)

Employment in Traditionally Male Blue-Collar Jobs

229

(1)

Why Are Women Scarce in Certain Occupations?

230

(2)

Homemakers

232

(1)

Coordinating Employment with Personal Life

233

(11)

Marriage

233

(3)

Children

236

(3)

Personal Adjustment

239

(5)

Love Relationships

244

(42)

Dating and Living Together

246

(10)

The Ideal Romantic Partner

246

(3)

Explanations for Gender Differences in Preference Patterns

249

(3)

Characteristics of Heterosexual Love Relationships

252

(1)

Living Together

252

(2)

Breaking Up

254

(2)

Marriage and Divorce

256

(10)

Marital Satisfaction

257

(3)

Responsibility and Power in Marriage

260

(1)

Marriage and Women of Color

261

(2)

Divorce

263

(3)

Lesbians and Bisexual Women

266

(13)

The Psychological Adjustment of Lesbians

268

(1)

The Fluidity of Female Sexual Orientation

268

(1)

Characteristics of Lesbian Relationships

269

(3)

Lesbian Women of Color

272

(1)

Bisexual Women

273

(2)

Theoretical Explanations About Sexual Orientation

275

(4)

Single Women

279

(7)

Characteristics of Single Women

280

(1)

Attitudes Toward Single Women

280

(1)

Advantages and Disadvantages of Being Single

281

(1)

Single Women of Color

282

(4)

Sexuality

286

(34)

Background on Women's Sexuality

288

(5)

Theoretical Perspectives

288

(1)

Female Sexual Anatomy

289

(1)

Sexual Responses

290

(3)

Sexual Attitudes and Behavior

293

(11)

Attitudes About Sexuality

293

(2)

Sexual Scripts

295

(1)

Sex Education

296

(2)

Adolescent Sexual Behavior

298

(1)

Adult Sexual Behavior

299

(1)

Communication About Sexuality

300

(1)

Lesbians and Sexuality

300

(2)

Older Women and Sexuality

302

(2)

Sexual Disorders

304

(3)

Low Sexual Desire

304

(1)

Female Orgasmic Disorder

304

(1)

How Gender Roles Contribute to Sexual Disorders

305

(1)

Therapy for Sexual Disorders

306

(1)

Birth Control and Abortion

307

(13)

Birth Control Methods

308

(1)

Who Uses Birth Control?

309

(2)

Obstacles to Using Birth Control

311

(2)

Contraception and Family Planning in Developing Countries

313

(1)

Abortion

313

(7)

Pregnancy, Childbirth, and Motherhood

320

(31)

Pregnancy

322

(6)

The Biology of Pregnancy

322

(1)

Physical Reactions During Pregnancy

323

(1)

Emotional Reactions During Pregnancy

324

(2)

Attitudes Toward Pregnant Women

326

(1)

Pregnant Women and Employment

326

(2)

Childbirth

328

(5)

The Biology of Childbirth

328

(2)

Emotional Reactions to Childbirth

330

(1)

Alternative Models of Childbirth

331

(2)

Motherhood

333

(18)

Stereotypes About Motherhood

333

(1)

The Reality of Motherhood

334

(3)

Motherhood and Women of Color

337

(2)

Lesbian Mothers

339

(1)

Postpartum Disturbances

340

(2)

Breast Feeding

342

(1)

Returning to the Workplace After Childbirth

343

(1)

Deciding Whether to Have Children

344

(2)

Infertility

346

(5)

Women and Physical Health

351

(34)

The Health Care and Health Status of Women

354

(12)

Biases Against Women

354

(2)

Health Issues for Women in Developing Countries

356

(2)

Gender Comparisons in Life Expectancy

358

(1)

Gender Comparisons in Overall Health

358

(2)

Heart Disease, Breast Cancer, and Other Specific Health Problems

360

(6)

Women with Disabilities

366

(4)

Work Patterns of Women with Disabilities

368

(1)

Personal Relationships of Women with Disabilities

369

(1)

AIDS and Other Sexually Transmitted Diseases

370

(7)

Background Information on AIDS

370

(2)

Medical Aspects of AIDS

372

(1)

How AIDS Is Transmitted

373

(1)

Living with AIDS

374

(1)

Preventing AIDS

374

(1)

Other Sexually Transmitted Diseases

375

(2)

Women and Substance Abuse

377

(8)

Smoking

377

(2)

Alcohol Abuse

379

(3)

Other Substance-Abuse Problems

382

(3)

Women and Psychological Disorders

385

(31)

Depression

387

(7)

Characteristics of Depression

388

(1)

Explanations for the Gender Difference in Depression

388

(6)

Eating Disorders and Related Problems

394

(8)

Anorexia Nervosa

395

(1)

Bulimia Nervosa

396

(1)

Binge-Eating Disorder

396

(1)

The Culture of Slimness

397

(3)

Being Overweight and Dieting

400

(2)

Treating Psychological Disorders in Women

402

(14)

Psychotherapy and Sexism

403

(1)

Psychotherapy with Lesbian and Bisexual Women

404

(1)

Psychotherapy with Women of Color

404

(4)

Traditional Therapies and Women

408

(3)

Feminist Therapy

411

(5)

Violence Against Women

416

(40)

Sexual Harassment

418

(7)

Why Is Sexual Harassment an Important Issue?

421

(1)

How Often Does Sexual Harassment Occur?

421

(1)

Women's Reactions to Sexual Harassment

422

(1)

Attitudes About Sexual Harassment

422

(1)

What to Do About Sexual Harassment

423

(2)

Rape

425

(17)

How Often Does Rape Occur?

426

(1)

Acquaintance Rape

427

(2)

Fear of Rape

429

(1)

Women's Reactions to Rape

429

(2)

Attitudes About Rape

431

(3)

Myths About Rape

434

(1)

Child Sexual Abuse

435

(2)

Rape Prevention

437

(5)

The Abuse of Women

442

(14)

How Often Does the Abuse of Women Occur?

444

(1)

The Dynamics of Abuse

444

(1)

Women's Reactions to Abuse

445

(1)

Characteristics Associated with Abusive Relationships

445

(2)

Attitudes About the Abuse of Women

447

(1)

Myths About the Abuse of Women

448

(1)

How Abused Women Take Action

449

(2)

Society's Response to the Problem of Abuse

451

(5)

Women and Older Adulthood

456

(29)

Attitudes Toward Older Women

459

(5)

The Media

459

(1)

The Double Standard of Aging

460

(3)

Cross-Cultural Views of Older Women

463

(1)

Older Women, Retirement, and Economic Issues

464

(3)

Planning for Retirement

464

(1)

Adjusting to Retirement

465

(1)

Economic Issues

465

(2)

Menopause

467

(6)

Physical Changes During Menopause

468

(1)

Hormone Replacement Therapy

468

(1)

Attitudes Toward Menopause

469

(2)

Psychological Reactions to Menopause

471

(2)

Social Aspects of Older Women's Lives

473

(12)

Family Relationships

473

(2)

Widowhood and the Death of Life Partners

475

(2)

Older Women of Color

477

(1)

Satisfaction with Life

478

(1)

Rewriting Our Life Stories

479

(1)

Final Words

480

(5)

Moving Onward . . .

485

(18)

The Future of the Discipline of the Psychology of Women

487

(2)

The Increasing Number of Women in Psychology

487

(1)

Developing a More Inclusive Psychology of Women

488

(1)

Women of Color and the Feminist Movement

489

(2)

The Men's Movement

491

(2)

Some Discouraging Trends

493

(3)

The Rigid Interpretation of Feminism

494

(1)

The Backlash Against Feminism

495

(1)

Some Helpful Trends

496

(7)

Women's Studies Courses

496

(1)

The Women's Movement in North America

497

(1)

The Women's Movement Worldwide

498

(1)

Helping to Change the Future: Becoming an Activist

499

(4)

References

503

(92)

Name Index

595

(20)

Subject Index

615

(24)

Credits

639

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The Psychology of Women (with InfoTrac)

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials