Roots of Wisdom (with InfoTrac)

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ISBN: 9780534552992 | 0534552994
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 3/14/2001

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See the issues of philosophy come to life in ROOTS OF WISDOM with InfoTrac! Focusing on universal, current issues of concern to all people, this philosophy text uses popular culture to illustrate timeless philosophical problems. Historical Interludes, How Philosophy Works, The Making of a Philosopher, For Further Thought, People of the Americas, and Philosophers Speak for Themselves are just a few of the tools found throughout that give you the practice and understanding you need to succeed.

Foreword

xix

Preface

xxi

PART ONE What Is Everything Really Like?

(480)

Questions of Metaphysics

Historical Interlude A A Worldwide Context for Western Philosophy

(12)

Why Philosophy?

(44)

Is This All There Is?

The Issue Defined

(1)

The Pre-Socratic Cosmologists

(9)

The Milesians

(3)

Other Monists

(2)

Pluralists

(1)

Cosmogony and Cosmology

(2)

The Sophists

(3)

How Philosophy Works Sophistic Logic, or Sophistry

(1)

Doing Philosophy Shapiro for the Defense

(1)

The Classical Period in Greek Philosophy

(13)

Socrates

(2)

How Philosophy Works The Dialectic

(2)

Plato

(2)

Philosophers Speak for Themselves Plato

(3)

Perictyone

(1)

Aristotle

(2)

Metaphysics, Epistemology, and Axiology in Asian Thought

(5)

Buddhism

(3)

Pan Chao and the Confucian Tradition

(1)

Metaphysics, Epistemology, and Axiology in African Thought

(3)

The Peoples of the Americas

(1)

A Look Abead

(3)

Summary

(2)

For Further Thought

(2)

For Further Exploration

(1)

For Further Research

(1)

Notes

(2)

Reality and Being

(57)

Is What You See What You Get?

The Issue Defined

(2)

Reality and the Brain: The Visual World and Constructed Reality

(2)

How Philosophy Works Reductio Ad Absurdum

(1)

Ontology: What Is Real?

(8)

Ontology in Plato and Aristotle

(5)

How Philosophy Works The Categorical Syllogism

(2)

Doing Philosophy The Riddle of the Nature of Reality

(1)

Asian Views of Reality

(5)

Buddhism: Reality as Interdependence

(2)

Taoism: Reality as the Tao

(3)

Materialism: Reality as Purely Material

(2)

Philosophers Speak for Themselves The Four Causes

(1)

Progmatism: Reality as What We Can Know

(2)

Contemporary Physics and the Nature of Reality

(6)

Quantum Mechanics

(1)

Relativity Theory

(1)

String Theory

(2)

Science and Physical Reality

(1)

Cosmology: Is There Order and Purpose in the Universe?

(3)

Greek Cosmology

(1)

Quantum Theory and Astronomy

(1)

The Possibility of Eternal Dimensions

(8)

Hypatia of Alexandria and Neoplatonism

(2)

The Peoples of the Americas: A Sacred Cosmos

(2)

An African View of a Scared Cosmos

(2)

African-American Christianity and the Sacred Cosmos

(1)

Summary

(2)

For Further Thought

(2)

For Further Exploration

100

(1)

For Further Research

101

(1)

Notes

101

(3)

Historical Interlude B Philosophy and Early Christianity

104

(11)

Human Nature

115

(44)

Who or What Are We, and What Are We Doing Here?

The Issue Defined

116

(3)

Who or What Are We?

119

(13)

Is There an Essential Human Nature?---The Avocado View

120

(9)

Is There an Essential Human Nature?---The Artichoke View

129

(3)

Non-Western Views of the Self

132

(10)

From Hinduism and Atman to Buddhism and Anatman

132

(3)

Doing Philosophy Oneness with Other Beings

135

(1)

Chinese Five-Element View of the Self

136

(2)

Philosophers Speak for Themselves Tao Te Ching

138

(2)

African Synthesis Model

140

(2)

What Are We Doing Here?

142

(5)

Non-Western Views

142

(1)

Western Views

143

(2)

How Philosophy Works Inductive Reasoning

145

(2)

Issues of Human Identity and Freedom

147

(4)

Race and Ethnicity: One Aspect of Identity

147

(1)

Biological Sex and Gender: Another Aspect of Identity

148

(2)

Innate or Plastic: One Question in the Free Will Versus Determinism Debate

150

(1)

Summary

151

(2)

For Further Thought

153

(2)

For Further Exploration

155

(1)

For Further Research

156

(1)

Notes

156

(3)

Philosophy and God

159

(52)

Who's in Charge?

The Issue Defined

160

(4)

Atheism

162

(1)

Deism

162

(1)

Pantheism and Panentheism

162

(2)

Theism

164

(1)

Arguments for the Existence of God

164

(10)

Knowledge Based on Reason

165

(3)

Knowledge Based on Intuition

168

(6)

Traditional Images of God

174

(10)

God as Eternal

175

(1)

God as Omnipotent and Omniscient

175

(2)

God as Good

177

(1)

Philosophers Speak for Themselves Augustine

178

(2)

How Philosophy Works The Hypothetical Syllogism

180

(1)

God as Source of Truth and Moral Law

181

(3)

Nontraditional Images of God

184

(5)

God as Mother, Jesus as Mestizo

184

(2)

God as Ground of Being

186

(2)

God as Cosmic Architect and Bagworm

188

(1)

Theological Implications for Human Nature and Cosmology

189

(4)

Atheistic Worldview

190

(1)

Deistic, Pantheistic, and Panentheistic Worldviews

190

(1)

Theistic Worldview

190

(1)

Is There Life After Death?

191

(1)

The Sacred and the Secular

192

(1)

Doing Philosophy Speculating on Life After Death

193

(1)

Summary

193

(1)

For Further Thought

194

(2)

For Further Exploration

196

(2)

For Further Research

198

(1)

Notes

198

(3)

PART TWO How Am I to Understand the World?

Questions of Epistemology

201

(1)

Historical Interlude C From the Medieval to the Modern World

202

(9)

Knowledge Sources

211

(43)

Do You See What I See?

The Issue Defined

211

(1)

The Peoples of the Americas: Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz

212

(1)

The Rationalist Approach of Rene Descartes

213

(8)

The Use of Methodic Doubt to Examine Knowledge

213

(2)

Philosophers Speak for Themselves Rene Descartes

215

(1)

How Philosophy Works Methodic Doubt (Zero-Based Epistemology)

216

(2)

Beyond Solipsism to Belief in a Material World

218

(1)

How Philosophy Works Circular Reasoning (Begging the Question)

219

(1)

Catholic Free Will in the ``Clockwork Universe'' of Science

220

(1)

The Mind-Body Problem

220

(1)

Responses to the Mind-Body Problem

221

(4)

Baruch (Benedictus) Spinoza

221

(1)

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and Monads

222

(1)

Anne Finch, Viscountess Conway

223

(1)

The Akan of West Africa

224

(1)

The New Science Leads to Empiricism: Isaac Newton

224

(1)

British Empiricism

225

(9)

Creating a Mind-World Connection: John Locke

226

(2)

Reality as Mind Dependent: George Berkeley

228

(3)

Radical Skepticism: David Hume

231

(3)

Implications of Empiricism for Philosophy

234

(10)

Hume's Fork and Logical Positivism

235

(1)

Language Analysis and the Limits of Philosophy

236

(1)

Challenging the Myth of the Objective Observer

237

(1)

Broadening the Definition of Logic in Traditional Societies

238

(1)

How Philosophy Works Proverb as Method

239

(1)

Doing Philosophy Knowing How to Cure Malaria

240

(1)

Immanuel Kant

241

(2)

How Philosophy Works Before and After

243

(1)

The Knower and the Known

244

(3)

The Western Tradition

244

(1)

The Non-Western Tradition

245

(2)

Summary

247

(1)

For Further Thought

248

(2)

For Further Exploration

250

(1)

For Further Research

251

(1)

Notes

251

(3)

Truth Tests

254

(36)

Do You Swear to Tell the Truth...?

The Issue Defined

255

(1)

Truth Tests

256

(11)

Warrantability

256

(1)

How Philosophy Works Informal Fallacies---Part One

257

(3)

The Correspondence Test

260

(2)

The Coherence Test

262

(1)

The Pragmatic Test

263

(3)

The Ewe Creativity Test

266

(1)

Truth and the Really Real

267

(4)

Truth in Zen

267

(3)

Philosophers Speak for Themselves Hadewijch of Antwerp (a mystical vision)

270

(1)

Truth in Religions of the Book

270

(1)

Truth in Science

271

(3)

The Nature of Paradigms

272

(1)

Truth Tests

273

(1)

Truth in History

274

(5)

The Changing Definition of History

275

(1)

Race, Class, and Gender in Historical Interpretation

275

(1)

Research Methods of Social History

276

(1)

Truth Tests

277

(2)

Truth in Texts: The Deconstruction Test of Truth

279

(3)

Doing Philosophy Deconstruction: Where Do We Stop?

280

(2)

The Elusive Nature of Truth

282

(2)

Truth and Time

282

(1)

Truth and ``Gut Feelings''

283

(1)

Summary

284

(1)

For Further Thought

285

(2)

For Further Exploration

287

(1)

For Further Research

288

(1)

Notes

288

(2)

Aesthetic Experience

290

(49)

Is Truth Beauty and Beauty Truth?

The Issue Defined

290

(2)

How Philosophy Works Informal Fallacies---Part Two

292

(1)

Functions of Art in Society

292

(9)

Art as Representation of Reality

293

(1)

The Role of the Artist in Western Society

294

(1)

Philosophers Speak for Themselves Plato and Aristotle

295

(2)

The Role of the Artist in Asian Society

297

(2)

The Role of the Artist in African Society

299

(2)

Art and Beauty

301

(1)

Socrates and Diotima

301

(1)

Is Beauty in the Eye of the Beholder?

302

(1)

Truth and Beauty

303

(5)

Truth and Beauty in the West

304

(1)

Truth and Beauty in Asia

305

(3)

Truth and Beauty in Western Philosophy

308

(9)

Overcoming the Subject-Object Split: Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling

308

(2)

Escaping the Force of Will: Arthur Schopenhauer

310

(3)

The Merging of Dionysus and the Separation of Apollo: Friedrich Nietzsche

313

(2)

Truth as Unconcealment: Martin Heidegger

315

(2)

Art as a Vehicle for Seeing the World Differently

317

(5)

Impressionism

318

(1)

Doing Philosophy Artist as Philosopher

319

(1)

Cubism

319

(2)

Mining the Museum

321

(1)

Opening a Wider World

321

(1)

Summary

322

(2)

For Further Thought

324

(1)

For Further Exploration

325

(1)

For Further Research

326

(1)

Notes

326

(3)

PART THREE By What Values Shall I Live in the World?

Questions of Axiology

329

(1)

Historical Interlude D From the Modern to the Postmodern World

330

(9)

Political Philosophy

339

(39)

Is Big Brother Watching?

The Issue Defined

339

(2)

Theories of the Right to Rule

341

(14)

The Philosopher-King: Plato

342

(2)

How Philosophy Works The Hypothetical Chain Argument

344

(1)

Natural Law: The Stoics, Aristotle, and Thomas Aquinas

345

(3)

Social Contract Theory

348

(1)

Doing Philosophy The Fuzzy Social Contract

349

(4)

Philosophers Speak for Themselves John Locke

353

(2)

Natural Rights and Feminism

355

(4)

Gender Equality: Mary Wollstonecraft

355

(1)

``Declaration of Sentiments'': Elizabeth Cady Stanton

356

(2)

The Struggle for Suffrage: Susan B. Anthony

358

(1)

The Right to Govern

359

(8)

The Absolute: Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel

360

(3)

The Mandate of Heaven: Rule in China

363

(2)

The Divine Right to Rule

365

(2)

Political Theory

367

(5)

Liberalism and Conservatism

367

(3)

American Constitutional Theory and Civil Rights

370

(1)

The U.S. Government and Human Rights

371

(1)

Summary

372

(2)

For Further Thought

374

(1)

For Further Exploration

375

(1)

For Further Research

375

(1)

Notes

375

(3)

Social Philosophy

378

(44)

Am I My Brother's or Sister's Keeper?

The Issue Defined

378

(3)

Doing Philosophy Freedom Versus Tradition

381

(1)

Classical Theories of Justice

381

(3)

Justice in the Polis: Plato

381

(2)

Molding Citizens for Society: Aristotle

383

(1)

Utilitarianism as a Means of Justice

384

(6)

Jeremy Bentham

385

(2)

John Stuart Mill

387

(1)

Harriet Taylor Mill

388

(2)

Justice Expressed as Fairness

390

(8)

The Alienation of Workers: Karl Marx

390

(2)

The Equal Liberty and Difference Principles: John Rawls

392

(3)

The Theory of Entitlement: Robert Nozick

395

(1)

Justice in Buganda

396

(2)

African-American Political Philosophy

398

(7)

Assimilation or Separatism?

398

(1)

How Philosophy Works The Disjunctive Syllogism

399

(2)

The Dilemma of Being Both an African and an American: W. E. B. Du Bois

401

(1)

The Nineteenth-Century Debate: Martin Delany and Frederick Douglass

402

(2)

A Twentieth-Century Approach: Cornel West, Malcolm X, and Martin Luther King, Jr.

404

(1)

Feminist Social Philosophy

405

(5)

Woman as the Other: Simone de Beauvoir

406

(2)

Philosophers Speak for Themselves Mary Wollstonecraft

408

(1)

An Approach to Economic Independence: Charlotte Perkins Gilman

408

(1)

Women Redefining Difference: Audre Lorde

409

(1)

Communitarianism

410

(4)

Human Rights in a Communitarian Perspective: Ignacio Ellacuria, S.J.

410

(2)

The Ethics of Authenticity: Charles Taylor

412

(1)

A Covenanted Society

413

(1)

Communitarianism in Africa

413

(1)

Summary

414

(2)

For Further Thought

416

(2)

For Further Exploration

418

(1)

For Further Research

419

(1)

Notes

419

(3)

Ethics

422

(59)

What Will It Be: Truth or Consequences?

The Issue Defined

424

(2)

Western Ethical Theories

426

(12)

Consequentialist, or Teleological, Ethical Theories

426

(1)

Nonconsequentialist, or Deontological, Ethical Theories

427

(1)

Doing Philosophy Cultural Relativism: Has It Gone Too Far?

428

(1)

Philosophers Speak for Themselves Immanuel Kant

429

(1)

Natural Law Theory

430

(1)

How Philosophy Works Fuzzy Logic

431

(3)

The Interest View

434

(1)

Virtue Ethics

435

(3)

Asian and African Ethical Theories

438

(5)

Buddhist Ethics

439

(2)

African Ethical Theories

441

(2)

The Question of Human Freedom: How Much Do We Have?

443

(7)

Determinism

443

(1)

Existentialism: A Radical Concept of Freedom

444

(3)

Excusability

447

(1)

Radical Evil and the Question of Punishment

448

(2)

The Question of Human Freedom: How Much Should We Have?

450

(8)

The Human Genome Project, Cloning, and In Vitro Fertilization

450

(3)

Maternal Obligations to Fetuses

453

(1)

Our Obligations to One Another

454

(1)

Everyday Ethics

455

(2)

The Global Community

457

(1)

Environmental Ethics: Healing the Greek Division

458

(3)

Ecocentrism and Ecofeminism

460

(1)

Summary

461

(1)

For Further Thought

462

(2)

For Further Exploration

464

(2)

For Further Research

466

(1)

Notes

466

(3)

Historical Interlude E A Revolution in Philosophy?

469

(12)

Appendix

481

(4)

Glossary

485

(5)

Index

490

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Roots of Wisdom (with InfoTrac)

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Table of Contents

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