- ISBN: 9781319393014 | 1319393012
- Cover: Spiral Bound
- Copyright: 10/11/2021
Rules for Writers with Writing about Literature supports students from a wide range of backgrounds with accessible explanations, step-by-step advice, class-tested examples, and opportunities to practice and build their writing, grammar, and research skills—all at a tremendous value.
A Process for Writing
1 Exploring, planning, and drafting
a Assess the writing situation.
b Explore your subject.
c Draft and revise a working thesis statement.
d Draft a plan.
e Draft an introduction.
f Draft the body.
g Draft a conclusion.
2 Writing paragraphs
a Focus on a main point.
b Develop the main point.
c Make paragraphs coherent.
d If necessary, adjust paragraph length.
e Choose a suitable strategy for developing paragraphs.
3 Revising, editing, and reflecting
a Use peer review: Give constructive comments.
b Learn from peer review: Revise with comments.
c One student’s peer review process
d Approach global revision in cycles.
e Revise globally by making a reverse outline.
f Revise and edit sentences.
g Proofread and format the final manuscript.
h Sample student revision: Literacy narrative
i Reflect on your writing; prepare a portfolio.
Academic Reading and Writing
4 Reading and writing critically
a Read actively.
b Outline a text to identify main ideas.
c Summarize to deepen your understanding.
d Analyze to demonstrate your critical reading.
e Sample student writing: Analysis of an article
5 Reading and writing about multimodal texts
a Read a multimodal text actively.
b Summarize a multimodal text to deepen your understanding.
c Analyze a multimodal text to demonstrate your critical reading.
d Sample student writing: Analysis of an advertisement
6 Reading arguments
a Read with an open mind and a critical eye.
b Evaluate ethical, logical, and emotional appeals as a reader.
c Evaluate the evidence behind an argument.
d Identify underlying assumptions.
e Evaluate how fairly a writer handles opposing views.
7 Writing arguments
a Identify your purpose and context.
b View your audience as a panel of jurors.
c Build common ground with your audience.
d In your introduction, establish credibility and state your position.
e Back up your thesis with persuasive lines of argument.
f Support your thesis with specific evidence.
g Anticipate objections; counter opposing arguments.
h Sample student writing: Argument
Clarity
8 Prefer active verbs.
a Active versus passive verbs
b Active versus be verbs
c Subject that names the actor
9 Balance parallel ideas.
a Parallel ideas in a series
b Parallel ideas presented as pairs
c Repetition of function words
10 Add needed words.
a In compound structures
b that
c In comparisons
d a, an, and the
11 Untangle mixed constructions.
a Mixed grammar
b Illogical connections
c is when, is where, and reason . . . is because
12 Repair misplaced and dangling modifiers.
a Limiting modifiers
b Misplaced phrases and clauses
c Awkwardly placed modifiers
d Split infinitives
e Dangling modifiers
13 Eliminate distracting shifts.
a Point of view (person, number)
b Verb tense
c Verb mood, voice
d Indirect to direct questions or quotations
14 Emphasize key ideas.
a Coordination and subordination
b Choppy sentences
c Ineffective or excessive coordination
d Ineffective subordination
e Excessive subordination
f Other techniques
15 Provide some variety.
a Sentence openings
b Sentence structures
c Inverted order
16 Tighten wordy sentences.
a Redundancies
b Unnecessary repetition
c Empty or inflated phrases
d Simplifying the structure
e Reducing clauses to phrases, phrases to single words
17 Choose appropriate language.
a Levels of formality
b Jargon
c Euphemisms and “doublespeak”
d Slang
e Sexist and noninclusive language
f Biased language
18 Find the exact words.
a Connotations
b Specific, concrete nouns
c Standard idioms
d Clichés
e Figures of speech
f Glossary of usage
Grammar
19 Repair sentence fragments.
a Subordinate clauses
b Phrases
c Other fragmented word groups
d Acceptable fragments
20 Revise run-on sentences.
a Revision with coordinating conjunction
b Revision with semicolon, colon, or dash
c Revision by separating sentences
d Revision by restructuring
21 Make subjects and verbs agree.
a Standard subject-verb combinations
b Words between subject and verb
c Subjects joined with and
d Subjects joined with or, nor, either . . . or, or neither . . . nor
e Indefinite pronouns
f Collective nouns
g Subject following verb
h Subject, not subject complement
i who, which, and that
j Words with plural form, singular meaning
k Titles of works, company names, words mentioned as words, gerund phrases
22 Make pronouns and antecedents agree.
a Indefinite pronouns, generic nouns
b Collective nouns
c Compound antecedents
23 Make pronoun references clear.
a Ambiguous or remote reference
b Broad reference with this, that, which, and it
c Implied antecedents
d Indefinite use of they, it, and you
e who for persons, which or that for things
24 Distinguish between pronouns such as I and me.
a Subjective case for subjects and subject complements
b Objective case for objects
c Appositives
d Pronoun following than or as
e Subjects and objects of infinitives
f Pronoun modifying a gerund
25 Distinguish between who and whom.
a In subordinate clauses
b In questions
c As subjects or objects of infinitives
26 Choose adjectives and adverbs with care.
a Adjectives to modify nouns
b Adverbs to modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs
c good and well, bad and badly
d Comparatives and superlatives
e Double negatives
27 Choose appropriate verb forms, tenses, and moods.
a Irregular verbs
b lie and lay
c -s (or -es) endings
d -ed endings
e Omitted verbs
f Verb tense
g Subjunctive mood
Multilingual Writers and ESL Topics
28 Verbs
a Appropriate form and tense
b Passive voice
c Base form after a modal
d Negative verb forms
e Verbs in conditional sentences
f Verbs followed by gerunds or infinitives
29 Articles (a, an, the)
a Articles and other noun markers
b When to use the
c When to use a or an
d When not to use a or an
e No articles with general nouns
f Articles with proper nouns
30 Sentence structure
a Linking verb between a subject and its complement
b A subject in every sentence
c Repeated nouns or pronouns with the same grammatical function
d Repeated subjects, objects, and adverbs in adjective clauses
e Placement of adverbs
f Present participles and past participles as adjectives
g Order of cumulative adjectives
31 Prepositions and idiomatic expressions
a Prepositions showing time and place
b Noun (including -ing form) after a preposition
c Common adjective + preposition combinations
d Common verb + preposition combinations
32 Paraphrasing sources effectively
a Avoiding synonyms
b Determining a source’s meaning
c Presenting meaning in your own words
Punctuation
33 The comma
a Independent clauses joined with and, but, etc.
b Introductory elements
c Items in a series
d Coordinate adjectives
e Nonrestrictive and restrictive elements
f Transitional expressions and other word groups
g Direct address, yes and no, interrogative tags, interjections
h he said etc.
i Dates, addresses, titles, numbers
34 Unnecessary commas
a Between two words, phrases, or subordinate clauses
b Between a verb and its subject or object
c Before the first or after the last item in a series
d Between cumulative adjectives, an adjective and a noun, or an adverb and an adjective
e Before and after restrictive or parenthetical elements
f Before essential concluding adverbial elements
g After a phrase beginning an inverted sentence
h Other misuses
35 The semicolon
a Between independent clauses not joined with a coordinating conjunction
b Between independent clauses linked with a transitional expression
c In a series containing internal punctuation
d Misuses
36 The colon
a Before a list, an appositive, or a quotation
b Conventional uses
c Misuses
37 The apostrophe
a Possessive nouns
b Possessive indefinite pronouns
c Contractions
d Not for plural numbers, letters, abbreviations, words as words
e Misuses
38 Quotation marks
a Direct quotations
b Quotation within a quotation
c Titles of short works
d Words as words
e With other punctuation marks
f Misuses
39 End punctuation
a The period
b The question mark
c The exclamation point
40 Other punctuation marks
a The dash
b Parentheses
c Brackets
d The ellipsis mark
e The slash
Mechanics
41 Abbreviations
a Titles with proper names
b Familiar abbreviations
c Conventional abbreviations
d Units of measurement
e Latin abbreviations
f Plural of abbreviations
42 Numbers
a Spelling out
b Using numerals
43 Italics
a Titles of works
b Non-English words
c Words as words, letters as letters, numbers as numbers
44 Spelling
a Spelling rules
b Words that sound alike
45 Hyphenation
a Compound words
b Hyphenated adjectives
c Fractions and compound numbers
d With certain prefixes and suffixes
e To avoid ambiguity or to separate awkward double or triple letters
f Word division
46 Capitalization
a Proper vs. common nouns
b Titles with proper names
c Titles and subtitles of works
d First word of a sentence
e First word of a quoted sentence
f First word after a colon
Grammar Basics
47 Parts of speech
a Nouns
b Pronouns
c Verbs
d Adjectives
e Adverbs
f Prepositions
g Conjunctions
h Interjections
48 Sentence patterns
a Subjects
b Verbs, objects, and complements
49 Subordinate word groups
a Prepositional phrases
b Verbal phrases
c Appositive phrases
d Absolute phrases
e Subordinate clauses
50 Sentence types
a Sentence structures
b Sentence purposes
Research
51 Thinking like a researcher; gathering sources
a Manage the project.
b Pose questions worth exploring.
c Map out a search strategy.
d Search efficiently; master a few shortcuts to finding good sources.
e Write a research proposal.
f Conduct field research, if appropriate.
52 Managing information; taking notes responsibly<
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