Scientific Farm Animal Production An Introduction

A comprehensive, best-selling, science-based approach to building livestock and poultry management systems for food, fiber, and recreation.

 

With Scientific Farm Animal Production, students of animal agriculture get a comprehensive, science-based approach to building livestock and poultry management systems for food, fiber, and recreation. It effectively integrates the scientific disciplines that support livestock and poultry production with detailed information about the primary livestock species, appropriate management protocols, and the market forces that impact demand across the supply chain.

 

As a result of a comprehensive review by nearly 20 professionals, this new edition features increased clarity, depth and accuracy, including improved end-of-chapter questions; updated and enhanced figures and color photos; the latest demographic data; an expanded discussion of social and consumer issues; and an authoritative look at the trends, issues, and opportunities for animal agriculture. 

 

1 Animal Contributions to Human Needs 1 Contributions To Food Needs 1 Contributions to Clothing and Other Nonfood Products 12 Contributions to Work and Power Needs 13 Animals for Companionship, Recreation, and Creativity 15 Additional Animal Contributions 15 Chapter Summary 15 Key Words 16 Review Questions 16 Selected References 16
2 An Overview of the Livestock and Poultry Industries 17 U.S. Animal Industries: An Overview 17 Cash Receipts 17 World Trade 17 Commodity Prices 18 Biological Differences in Meeting Market Demand 20 Beef Industry 20 Global Perspective 20 United States 23 Cattle Production 23 Cattle Feeding 26 The Dairy Cattle Industry 28 Global Perspective 28 United States 30 The Horse Industry 31 Global Perspective 31 United States 32 The Poultry Industry 33 Global Perspective 33 United States 34 The Sheep and Goat Industry 38 Global Perspective 38 United States 39 Purebred Breeder 41 Commercial Market Lamb Producers 42 Commercial Feedlot Operator 42 The Swine Industry 42 Global Perspective 42 United States 42 Other Animal Industries 44 Aquaculture 44 Bison 45 Elk 46 Ostrich and Emu Farming and Ranching 46 Llama and Alpaca Production 46 Chapter Summary 47 Key Words 47 Review Questions 47 Selected References 48
3 Red Meat Products 49 Production 49 Processing 49 Kosher and Muslim Meats 52 Composition 53 Physical Composition 53 Chemical Composition 54 Nutritional Considerations 55 Nutritive Value 55 Consumption 57 Demand 59 Marketing 59 Chapter Summary 63 Key Words 63 Review Questions 64 Selected References 64
4 Poultry and Egg Products 65 Poultry Meat and Egg Production 65 Composition 66 Meat 66 Eggs 67 Poultry Products 68 Meat 68 Eggs 69 Feathers and Down 70 Other Products and By-Products 70 Nutrition Considerations 70 Nutritive Value of Poultry Meat 70 Nutritive Value of Eggs 70 Consumption 72 Meat 72 Eggs 72 Marketing 73 Chapter Summary 76 Key Words 76 Review Questions 77 Selected References 77
5 Milk and Milk Products 78 Milk Production 78 Milk Composition 79 Milk Fat 81 Carbohydrates 82 Proteins 82 Vitamins 82 Minerals 82 Milk Products in the United States 82 Fluid Milk 83 Evaporated and Condensed Milk 85 Dry Milk 85 Fermented Dairy Products 85 Cream 86 Butter 86 Cheese 87 Ice Cream 89 Eggnog 89 Imitation Dairy Products 89 Health Considerations 90 Nutritive Value of Milk 90 Wholesomeness 91 Milk Processing 91 Milk Intolerance 92 Consumption 92 Marketing 92 World 92 United States 93 Prices 93 Chapter Summary 94 Key Words 94 Review Questions 95 Selected References 95
6 Wool and Mohair 96 Growth of Hair, Wool, and Mohair 96 Factors Affecting the Value of Wool 99 Classes and Grades of Wool 101 Production of Wool and Mohair 102 Wool Marketing 106 Uses of Wool and Mohair 106 Chapter Summary 108 Key Words 108 Review Questions 108 Selected References 108
7 By-Products of Meat Animals 109 Edible By-Products 109 Inedible By-Products 110 The Rendering Industry 113 Rendering of Red Meat Animal By-Products 114 Rendering of Poultry By-Products 114 Disposing of Dead Livestock 115 Chapter Summary 117 Key Words 117 Review Questions 117 Selected References 117
8 Market Classes and Grades of Livestock, Poultry, and Eggs 118 Market Classes and Grades of Red Meat Animals 118 Slaughter Cattle 118 Feeder Cattle 123 Slaughter Swine 124 Slaughter Sheep 126 Feeder Lamb Grades 128 Goat Grades 128 Market Classes and Grades of Poultry Products 129 Poultry Meat 129 Eggs 130 Chapter Summary 133 Key Words 133 Review Questions 133 Selected References 134
9 Visual Evaluation of Market Animals 135 External Body Parts 136 Location of the Wholesale Cuts in the Live Animal 136 Visual Assessment of Livestock Carcass Composition 137 Chapter Summary 145 Key Words 146 Review Questions 146 Selected References 146
10 Reproduction 147 Terminology For Anatomical Positioning 147 Female Organs of Reproduction and their Functions 147 Ovaries 149 The Oviducts 151 The Uterus 151 The Vagina 152 The Clitoris 152 Reproduction in Poultry Females 152 Male Organs of Reproduction and Their Functions 154 Testicles 155 The Epididymis 157 The Scrotum 157 The Vas Deferens 158 The Urethra 159 Accessory Sex Glands 159 The Penis 159 Reproduction in Male Poultry 159 Hormonal Control of Testicular and Ovarian Function 160 Testicular Function 160 Ovarian Function 160 Estrous Cycle 162 Seasonal Effects on Reproduction 163 Pregnancy 164 Parturition 166 Chapter Summary 169 Key Words 169 Review Questions 169 Selected References 170
11 Artificial Insemination, Estrous Synchronization, and Embryo Transfer 171 Semen Collecting and Processing 172 Insemination of the Female 174 Detecting Estrus 175 Proper Insemination 176 Estrous Synchronization 177 Prostaglandin 178 MGA and Prostaglandin 179 Controlled Internal Drug Release (CIDR) 179 Synchronization with Natural Service 180 P.G. 600 180 Embryo Transfer 180 Cloning 182 Sexed Semen 184 Chapter Summary 184 Key Words 184 Review Questions 184 Selected References 185
12 Genetics 186 Mitosis and Meiosis 186 Production of Gametes 186 Spermatogenesis 188 Oogenesis 189 Fertilization 189 DNA and RNA 190 Genes and Chromosomes 192 Principles of Inheritance 192 Simple Inheritance 193 Multiple Gene Pairs 195 Gene Interactions 197 Allelic Interactions 197 Interactions Between Genes and the Environment 199 Biotechnology 200 Applications 200 Future Expectations and Concerns 202 Chapter Summary 203 Key Words 203 Review Questions 204 Selected References 204
13 Genetic Change Through Selection 205 Importance of Genetics to the Livestock Industry 205 Structure of the Breeding Industry 205 Breeds 206 Continuous Variation and Many Pairs of Genes 207 Selection 211 Selection Differential 212 Heritability 212 Generation Interval 213 Predicting Genetic Change 214 Genetic Change for Multiple Trait Selection 214 Evidence of Genetic Change 215 Selection Methods 218 Basis for Selection 220 Predicted Differences or Expected Progeny Differences 220 Chapter Summary 221 Key Words 222 Review Questions 222 Selected References 222
14 Mating Systems 223 Inbreeding 223 Intensive Inbreeding 225 Linebreeding 227 Outbreeding 229 Species Cross 229 Crossbreeding 230 Outcrossing 232 Grading Up 233 Forming New Lines or Breeds 234 Chapter Summary 234 Key Words 234 Review Questions 235 Selected References 235
15 Nutrients and Their Functions 236 Nutrients 236 Water 236 Carbohydrates 237 Fats 238 Proteins 239 Minerals 240 Vitamins 241 Proximate Analysis of Feeds 241 Digestibility of Feeds 242 Energy Evaluation of Feeds 243 Maintenance and Production 244 Measurement of Energy 245 Feeds and Feed Composition 246 Classification of Feeds 246 Nutrient Composition of Feeds 247 By-Product Feeds 247 Chapter Summary 250 Key Words 250 Review Questions 250 Selected References 251
16 Digestion and Absorption of Feed 252 Carnivorous, Omnivorous, and Herbivorous Animals 252 Digestive Tract of Monogastric Animals 253 Stomach Compartments of Ruminant Animals 255 Digestion in Monogastric (Nonruminant) Animals 256 Digestion in Ruminant Animals 258 Energy Pathways 259 Protein Pathways 259 Chapter Summary 261 Key Words 261 Review Questions 261 Selected References 261
17 Providing Nutrients for Body Functions 262 Nutrient Requirements For Body Maintenance 262 Body Size and Maintenance 262 Nutrient Requirements For Growth 263 Nutrient Requirements For Finishing 265 Nutrient Requirements For Reproduction 265 Nutrient Requirements For Lactation 266 Nutrient Requirements For Egg Laying 267 Nutrient Requirements For Wool Production 267 Nutrient Requirements For Work 267 Ration Formulation 268 Nutrient Requirements of Ruminants 268 Diet Modification to Minimize Nitrogen and Phosphorus Excretion 273 Chapter Summary 273 Key Words 274 Review Questions 274 Selected References 274
18 Growth and Development 275 Prenatal (Livestock) 275 Birth (Livestock) 276 Poultry 277 Embryonic Development 277 Basic Anatomy and Physiology 278 Skeletal System 278 Muscle System 279 Circulatory System 280 Endocrine System 283 Growth Curves 283 Carcass Composition 284 Effects of Frame Size 286 Effect of Gender 286 Effect of Muscling 288 Age and Teeth Relationship 289 Measurements of Growth 290 Chapter Summary 291 Key Words 291 Review Questions 292 Selected References 292
19 Lactation 293 Mammary Gland Structure 293 Mammary Gland Development and Function 294 Development 294 Milk Secretion 295 Maintenance of Lactation 296 Factors Affecting Milk Production 296 Milk Composition 299 Species Differences 299 Colostrum 300 Chapter Summary 300 Key Words 300 Review Questions 301 Selected References 301
20 Adaptation to the Environment 302 Relationship Between Animals and the Environment 303 Adjusting to Environmental Changes 303 Temperature Zones of Comfort and Stress 304 Relationship of Intake and Maintenance during Stress 307 Managing the Thermal Environment 310 Mitigating Heat Stress 311 Adjusting Rations for Weather Changes 311 Inability of Animals to Cope with Climatic Stress 312 Chapter Summary 314 Key Words 314 Review Questions 314 Selected References 314
21 Animal Health 316 Immune Function 316 Prevention 317 The Role of the Veterinarian 317 Sanitation 317 Sound Nutritional Management 318 Record Keeping 318 Facilities 318 Source of Livestock 318 Biosecurity 319 Use of Biologicals and Pharmaceuticals 319 Stress 322 Personnel Training 323 Detecting Unhealthy Animals 323 Visual Observation 323 Vital Signs 323 Major Diseases of Farm Animals 324 Quality Assurance 329 Chapter Summary 331 Key Words 331 Review Questions 332 Selected References 332
22 Animal Behavior 333 Stockmanship 333 Animal Behavior 333 Systems of Animal Behavior 334 Sexual Behavior 335 Caregiving Behavior 337 Care-Soliciting Behavior 337 Agonistic Behavior 338 Interaction with Other Animals 338 Interactions with Humans 339 Behavior during Handling and Restraint 340 Ingestive Behavior 342 Eliminative Behavior 343 Shelter-Seeking Behavior 343 Investigative Behavior 343 Allelomimetic Behavior 344 Additional Behaviors 344 Communication 344 Maladaptive or Abnormal Behavior 345 Chapter Summary 346 Key Words 346 Review Questions 346 Selected References 346
23 Issues in Animal Agriculture 347 Feeding 9 Billion People by 2050 349 Sustainability 349 Valid Comparisons and Assessing Risk 350 Environmental Management Issues 352 Land Use 353 Conversion of Agricultural Land 353 Federal Lands 354 Waste Management 356 Air Quality 357 Water Utilization and Quality 358 Animal Well-Being 359 Public Health 363 Diet and Health 363 Dietary Guidelines 367 Food Safety 369 Microorganisms 371 Residues 371 Quality Assurance 373 Production Technologies 374 Organic and Natural Products 376 Issues and Opportunities 377 Chapter Summary 377 Key Words 377 Review Questions 378 Selected References 378
24 Beef Cattle Breeds and Breeding 380 Genetic Variation 381 Major U.S. Beef Breeds 382 Improving Beef Cattle Through Breeding Methods 386 Traits and Their Measurement 386 Reproductive Performance 386 Weaning Weight 386 Postweaning Growth 387 Feed Efficiency 387 Carcass Merit 388 Longevity 388 Conformation 388 Genetic Defects 389 Bull Selection 389 Breeding Values 389 Sire Summaries 390 Selecting Replacement Heifers 392 Cow Selection 394 Crossbreeding Programs for Commercial Producers 396 Chapter Summary 399 Key Words 400 Review Questions 400 Selected References 400
25 Feeding and Managing Beef Cattle 401 Cow–Calf Management 401 Costs and Returns 403 Management for Optimum Calf Crop Percentages 405 Management for Optimum Weaning Weights 408 Management Of annual Cow Costs 409 Stocker-Yearling Production 413 Types of Cattle Feeding Operations 415 Feedlot Cattle Management 416 Facilities Investment 416 Cost of Feeder Cattle 417 Feed Costs 417 Nonfeed Costs 418 Marketing 418 Costs and Returns 420 Environmental Management 420 Chapter Summary 422 Key Words 422 Review Questions 423 Selected References 423
26 Dairy Cattle Breeds and Breeding 424 Characteristics of Breeds 424 Registration Numbers 424 Dairy Type 425 Improving Milk Production 428 Selection of Dairy Cows 428 Breeding Dairy Cattle 430 Sire Selection 432 Chapter Summary 433 Key Words 433 Review Questions 434 Selected References 434
27 Feeding and Managing Dairy Cattle 435 Nutrition of Lactating Cows 435 Adjusting for Heat Stress 439 Nutrition of Dry Cows 439 Nutrition of Replacement Heifers 440 Management of Bulls 440 Calving Operations 441 Milking and Housing Facilities For Dairy Cows 441 Waste Management 442 Milking Operations 443 Controlling Diseases 445 Costs And Returns 449 Chapter Summary 451 Key Words 451 Review Questions 451 Selected References 451
28 Swine Breeds and Breeding 452 Characteristics of Swine Breeds 452 Traits and Their Measurements 452 Sow Productivity 453 Growth 454 Feed Efficiency 456 Carcass Traits 457 Structural Soundness 457 Effective Use of Performance Records 458 Selecting Replacement Females 461 Boar Selection 462 Crossbreeding For Commercial Swine Producers 462 Chapter Summary 465 Key Words 465 Review Questions 466 Selected References 466
29 Feeding and Managing Swine 467 Production Management 468 Boar Management 468 Management of Breeding Females 469 Pregnancy Detection 470 Management of the Sow during Farrowing and Lactation 471 Induced Farrowing 472 Baby Pig Management from Birth to Weaning 473 Feeding and Management from Weaning to Market 478 Management of Purchased Feeder Pigs 482 Marketing Decisions 482 Costs and Returns 483 Environmental Management 484 Management for Swine Well-Being 486 Chapter Summary 487 Key Words 487 Review Questions 488 Selected References 488
30 Sheep and Goat Breeds and Breeding 489 Major U.S. Sheep Breeds 489 Characteristics 490 Composite Breeds 490 Major Goat Breeds 493 Breeding Sheep and Goats 494 Sheep Reproduction 497 Goat Reproduction 499 Other Factors Affecting Reproduction of Sheep 499 The Breeding Season 500 Genetic Improvement in Commercial Sheep Production 501 Terminal Crossing 502 Three-Breed Terminal Crossbreeding 502 Chapter Summary 503 Key Words 503 Review Questions 504 Selected References 504
31 Feeding and Managing Sheep and Goats 505 Production Requirements for Farm Flocks 505 Pastures 505 Corrals and Chutes 505 Shelters 506 Lambing Equipment 507 Feeding Equipment 507 Types of Farm Flock Producers 507 Purebred Breeder 507 Commercial Market Lamb Producers 508 Commercial Feeder Lamb Producers 509 Commercial Feedlot Operator 509 Feeding Ewes, Rams, and Lambs 510 Management of Farm Flocks 513 Handling Sheep 513 Lambing Operations 514 Castrating and Docking 514 Shearing 514 Facilities for Production of Range Sheep 515 Managing Range Sheep 516 The Winter Headquarters 516 The Spring–Fall Range 517 Summer Grazing 517 Managing Goats 518 Fencing 518 Dehorning 519 Hoof Trimming 519 Identification 519 Castration 519 Shearing 519 Milking 519 Time of Breeding 520 Time of Kidding 520 Feeding 523 Controlling Diseases and Parasites 525 Determining The Age of Sheep by Their Teeth 527 Costs and Returns 527 Chapter Summary 529 Key Words 529 Review Questions 529 Selected References 530
32 Horse Breeds and Breeding 531 Horses and Humans 531 Breeds of Horses 531 Popularity of Breeds 534 Breeding Program 534 Selection 534 Conformation of the Horse 535 Purchasing the Horse 535 Body Parts 536 Unsoundness and Blemishes of Horses 538 Gaits of Horses 540 Ease of Riding and Way of Going 541 Abnormalities in Way of Going 541 Determining The Age of a Horse by its Teeth 542 Chapter Summary 544 Key Words 544 Review Questions 544 Selected References 545
33 Feeding and Managing Horses 546 Feeds and Feeding 546 Managing Horses 552 Reproduction 552 Breeding Season 553 Foaling Time 554 Weaning the Foal 555 Castration 555 Identification 555 Care of Hardworking Animals 556 Housing and Equipment 556 Controlling Diseases and Parasites 557 Chapter Summary 561 Key Words 561 Review Questions 561 Selected References 562
34 Poultry Breeding, Feeding, and Management 563 Breeds and Breeding 563 Characteristics of Breeds 563 Breeding Poultry 565 Feeding and Management 571 Incubation Management 571 Managing Young Poultry 575 Housing for Broilers 575 Managing 10- to 20-Week-Old Poultry 577 Management of Laying Hens 578 Housing Poultry 581 Feeds and Feeding 583 Issues Management 585 Environmental Impact 585 Animal Welfare 586 Costs and Returns 588 Chapter Summary 593 Key Words 593 Review Questions 593 Selected References 593
Glossary 595 Index 000