Zika Virus and Diseases From Molecular Biology to Epidemiology

Compiles the most current information on the Zika virus and its associated diseases 

This comprehensive book provides the most up-to-date information for students, medical students, and scientists on Zika virus and its associated diseases. It includes all the information related to the Zika virus since its discovery in 1947; its epidemic outbreak in 2007-2014; how the epidemiology changed in America in 2015-2016; its mode of transmission; how to prevent and treat it; and associated diseases.

Zika Virus and Diseases: From Molecular Biology to Epidemiology offers complete and up-to-date coverage in 10 chapters. It presents information from papers that attempted to associate the virus with diseases in Africa until the first animal experiment; discusses its association with Guillain-Barré syndrome and microcephaly; describes the basic mechanisms for Zika (ZIKV) replication, including important differences between Dengue (DENV), West-Nile virus (WNV), and ZIKV; explains the difference between the strains and discusses the pathogenesis of them; covers the papers that showed all the interferences that Zika can cause, and the pathways which can be modified; and more.

• The first book since 1947 to put together all the scientific information
• Compiles all the information received in the last year about Zika virus
• Clearly demonstrates the origin and discovery of the virus

Zika Virus and Diseases: From Molecular Biology to Epidemiology will appeal to graduate students, medical students, basic researchers, clinicians in infectious disease, microbiology, and virology, as well as people in related disciplines interested in learning more about this topic.

Suzane Ramos da Silva, Fan Cheng and Shou-Jiang Gao, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.

Preface ix

List of Abbreviations xi

1 The History of ZIKV Discovery 1

1.1 ZIKV Isolation from Monkeys and Mosquitos 1

1.2 ZIKV Infection in Humans 6

1.3 ZIKV Infection Spread to Other Hosts and Regions 7

1.4 Cross‐Paths between ZIKV and Other Flaviviruses 9

References 10

2 ZIKV: From Silent to Epidemic 15

2.1 Outbreak in Yap Island (2007) 15

2.2 Outbreak in French Polynesia (2013) 16

2.3 How Did ZIKV Reach Brazil? 18

2.4 Outbreak in Brazil (2015) 18

2.5 ZIKV Spread through South, Central, and North Americas 20

References 22

3 ZIKV Transmission and Prevention 29

3.1 Modes of Transmission 29

3.2 Prevention 37

References 40

4 Association with Guillain‐Barre Syndrome and Microcephaly 49

4.1 Association with Neurological Disorders 49

References 58

5 ZIKV Animal Models 69

5.1 Animal Models: Embryonated Hen Eggs 69

5.2 Animal Models: Landrace Piglet 69

5.3 Animal Models: Mice 70

5.4 Animal Model: Nonhuman Primate 74

References 78

6 Biology of ZIKV 83

6.1 Structural and Physical Properties of ZIKV Virion 84

6.2 Binding and Entry 87

6.3 Genome Structure 89

6.4 Translation and Proteolytic Processing 91

6.5 Features of the Nonstructural Proteins 92

6.6 RNA Replication 100

6.7 Features of the Structural Proteins 104

6.8 Virus Assembly and Release from Virus‐Infected Cells 107

References 109

7 Zika Virus (ZIKV) Strains and Lineages 131

7.1 East and West African Lineage 131

7.2 Africa vs. Asian/American Lineage 132

References 140

8 ZIKV‐Host Interactions 147

8.1 Systematic Studies to Identify ZIKV Affected Functions and Pathways 147

8.2 Induction and Dysregulation of Innate Immune Responses during ZIKV Infection 150

8.3 Induction of Cell Death and Apoptosis by ZIKV 156

8.4 Induction of Autophagy by ZIKV 160

8.5 Dysregulation of Cell Cycle and Induction of Abnormal Mitosis by ZIKV 163

References 164

9 Inhibitors of ZIKV Replication and Infection 179

9.1 Drugs That Lead to the Destruction of ZIKV Virions 179

9.2 Drugs That Inhibit ZIKV Entry and Endocytosis 180

9.3 Drugs That Target ZIKV NS2B‐NS3 Protease Activity 186

9.4 Drugs That Target ZIKV NS5 RNA‐Dependent RNA Polymerase Activity 191

9.5 Neutralizing Antibodies That Target ZIKV Structural Protein 200

9.6 Drugs That Inhibit ZIKV Infection by Targeting Host Machinery 201

9.7 Drugs That Show Neuroprotective Activity but Do Not Suppress ZIKV Replication: Emricasan 205

9.8 Other Drugs That Inhibit ZIKV Infection Identified from a Screening of FDA‐Approved Drugs 206

References 210

10 Long‐Term Care and Perspectives 229

10.1 Prenatal Care and Diagnosis of Abnormal Fetus Development 229

10.2 Long‐Term Care for Patients Affected by ZIKV 230

10.3 Assistance to Families with Children Affected by ZIKV 230

10.4 Perspectives 231

References 232

Index 237

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