Chemistry All-in-One For Dummies (+ Chapter Quizzes Online)

Everything you need to crush chemistry with confidence

Chemistry All-in-One For Dummies arms you with all the no-nonsense, how-to content you’ll need to pass your chemistry class with flying colors. You’ll find tons of practical examples and practice problems, and you’ll get access to an online quiz for every chapter. Reinforce the concepts you learn in the classroom and beef up your understanding of all the chemistry topics covered in the standard curriculum. Prepping for the AP Chemistry exam? Dummies has your back, with plenty of review before test day. With clear definitions, concise explanations, and plenty of helpful information on everything from matter and molecules to moles and measurements, Chemistry All-in-One For Dummies is a one-stop resource for chem students of all valences.

• Review all the topics covered in a full-year high school chemistry course or one semester of college chemistry
• Understand atoms, molecules, and the periodic table of elements
• Master chemical equations, solutions, and states of matter
• Complete practice problems and end-of-chapter quizzes (online!)

Chemistry All-In-One For Dummies is perfect for students who need help with coursework or want to cram extra hard to ace that chem test.

Christopher R. Hren has taught high school chemistry, honors chemistry, and AP Chemistry for more than 15 years.

John T. Moore, EdD, has taught chemistry at Stephen F. Austin State University in Nacogdoches, Texas, for more than 40 years.

Peter J. Mikulecky, PhD, teaches science and math at Fusion Learning Center and Fusion Academy, and is a technical writer.

Introduction 1

About This Book 1

Foolish Assumptions 2

Icons Used in This Book 2

Beyond the Book 3

Where to Go from Here 3

Unit 1: Getting Started with Chemistry 5

Chapter 1: Looking at Numbers Scientifically 7

Using Exponential and Scientific Notation to Report Measurements 7

Multiplying and Dividing in Scientific Notation 9

Using Scientific Notation to Add and Subtract 11

Distinguishing between Accuracy and Precision 13

Identifying Significant Figures 16

Doing Arithmetic with Significant Figures 18

Addition and subtraction 18

Multiplication and division 18

Rounding off numbers 19

Qualitative and Quantitative Observations 21

Practice Questions Answers and Explanations 23

Whaddya Know? Chapter 1 Quiz 26

Answers to Chapter 1 Quiz 27

Chapter 2: Using and Converting Units 29

Familiarizing Yourself with Base Units and Metric System Prefixes 30

Units of length 30

Units of mass 31

Units of volume 31

Units of temperature 32

Units of pressure 32

Units of energy 32

SI base units 32

Looking at Density 33

Getting to the bottom of density basics 34

Measuring density 34

Using Conversion Factors 36

Working with the Factor Label Method 39

Practice Questions Answers and Explanations 44

Whaddya Know? Chapter 2 Quiz 46

Answers to Chapter 2 Quiz 47

Chapter 3: The Basic Properties of Matter 49

Describing the States of Matter 49

Solids 50

Liquids 50

Gases 51

Classifying Pure Substances and Mixtures 51

Keeping it simple with pure substances 52

Throwing mixtures into the mix 52

Nice Properties You’ve Got There 54

Practice Questions Answers and Explanations 55

Whaddya Know? Chapter 3 Quiz 56

Answers to Chapter 3 Quiz 57

Chapter 4: Breaking Down Atoms into Their Subatomic Particles 59

The Atom: Protons, Electrons, and Neutrons 60

Breaking an atom into its parts 60

Narrowing the focus to the nucleus 61

A Brief History of the Atom 62

J J Thomson: Cooking up the “plum pudding” model 63

Ernest Rutherford: Shooting at gold 63

Niels Bohr: Comparing the atom to the solar system 64

Deciphering Chemical Symbols: Atomic and Mass Numbers 64

Keeping an Eye on Ions 69

Accounting for Isotopes Using Atomic Masses 70

Practice Questions Answers and Explanations 72

Whaddya Know? Chapter 4 Quiz 74

Answers to Chapter 4 Quiz 75

Unit 2: The Periodic Table 77

Chapter 5: Surveying the Periodic Table of the Elements 79

Organizing the Periodic Table 79

Examining the organization of the periodic table 81

Meeting the metals, nonmetals, and metalloids 83

Practice Questions Answers and Explanations 87

Whaddya Know? Chapter 5 Quiz 88

Answers to Chapter 5 Quiz 89

Chapter 6: The Electron 91

Putting Electrons in Their Places: Electron Configurations 91

Quantifying Quantum Numbers 96

The principal quantum number n 96

The angular momentum quantum number l 97

The magnetic quantum number ml 97

The spin quantum number ms 98

Put all the numbers together and whaddya get? (A pretty table) 99

Valence Electrons 100

Measuring the Amount of Energy (or Light) an Excited Electron Emits 102

Practice Questions Answers and Explanations 106

Whaddya Know? Chapter 6 Quiz 108

Answers to Chapter 6 Quiz 109

Chapter 7: Periodic Trends 111

Nuclear Charge and Atomic Radius 111

Comprehending effective nuclear charge 112

Atomic radius 112

Tracing tendencies of ionic radii 113

Eyeing Trends in Ionization Energies 114

Noting an increase in sequential energy 115

Taking stability into consideration 116

Considering a few exceptions to the rule 117

Attracting Electrons: Electronegativities 118

Practice Questions Answers and Explanations 121

Whaddya Know? Chapter 7 Quiz 122

Answers to Chapter 7 Quiz 123

Chapter 8: Doing Chemistry with Atomic Nuclei 125

Decaying Nuclei in Different Ways 126

Alpha decay 126

Beta decay 127

Gamma decay 127

Measuring Rates of Decay: Half-Lives 129

Making and Breaking Nuclei: Fusion and Fission 133

Nuclear fission 133

Nuclear Fusion 134

Practice Questions Answers and Explanations 137

Whaddya Know? Chapter 8 Quiz 139

Answers to Chapter 8 Quiz 140

Unit 3: Making and Breaking Bonds 143

Chapter 9: Building Bonds 145

Forming Ions 146

Pairing Charges with Ionic Bonds 149

Forming Sodium Chloride 150

Meeting the components 150

Understanding the reaction 151

Sodium’s role 151

Chlorine’s role 152

Ending up with a bond 152

Ionic Salts 153

Sharing Electrons with Covalent Bonds 155

Considering a hydrogen example 155

Comparing covalent bonds with other bonds 156

Understanding multiple bonds 157

Practice Questions Answers and Explanations 159

Whaddya Know? Chapter 9 Quiz 161

Answers to Chapter 9 Quiz 162

Chapter 10: The Shape of Molecules 165

Drawing the Structural Formulas of Molecules 165

Writing the electron dot formula for water 166

Writing the Lewis formula for water 167

Writing the Lewis formula for C2H4O 167

Occupying and Overlapping Molecular Orbitals 171

Polarity: Sharing Electrons Unevenly 175

Polarity and electronegativity 176

Polar covalent bonding 177

Predicting polarity 179

Shaping Molecules: VSEPR Theory and Hybridization 181

Wondering About Water and Intermolecular Forces 186

Practice Questions Answers and Explanations 189

Whaddya Know? Chapter 10 Quiz 192

Answers to Chapter 10 Quiz 193

Chapter 11: Naming Compounds and Writing Formulas 197

Labeling Ionic Compounds and Writing Their Formulas 197

Determining formulas of ionic compounds 198

Applying the crisscross rule 199

Writing the names of ionic compounds 199

Getting a Grip on Ionic Compounds with Polyatomic Ions 202

Naming Covalent Compounds and Writing Their Formulas 204

Addressing Acids 206

Mixing the Rules for Naming and Formula Writing 208

Beyond the Basics: Naming Organic Carbon Chains 210

Practice Questions Answers and Explanations 213

Whaddya Know? Chapter 11 Quiz 218

Answers to Chapter 11 Quiz 219

Unit 4: Working with Reactions 223

Chapter 12: Understanding the Many Uses of the Mole 225

The Mole Conversion Factor: Avogadro’s Number 226

Doing Mass and Volume Mole Conversions 227

Determining Percent Composition 231

Calculating Empirical Formulas 233

Using Empirical Formulas to Find Molecular Formulas 235

Practice Questions Answers and Explanations 238

Whaddya Know? Chapter 12 Quiz 242

Answers to Chapter 12 Quiz 243

Chapter 13: Getting a Grip on Chemical Equations 249

Translating Chemistry into Equations and Symbols 249

Understanding How Reactions Occur 251

One-step collision example 252

Considering an exothermic example 253

Looking at an endothermic example 253

Balancing Chemical Equations 255

Getting the lowdown on balancing equations 256

Walking through the steps of balancing equations 257

Recognizing Reactions and Predicting Products 259

Combination (synthesis) 260

Decomposition 261

Single displacement (single replacement) 261

Double displacement (double replacement) 262

Combustion 264

Canceling Spectator Ions: Net Ionic Equations 265

Practice Questions Answers and Explanations 268

Whaddya Know? Chapter 13 Quiz 271

Answers to Chapter 13 Quiz 273

Chapter 14: Putting Stoichiometry to Work 277

Using Mole-Mole Conversions from Balanced Equations 278

Putting Moles at the Center: Conversions Involving Particles, Volumes, and Masses 280

Calculating Limiting Reactants 283

Counting Your Chickens after They’ve Hatched: Percent Yield Calculations 286

Practice Questions Answers and Explanations 289

Whaddya Know? Chapter 14 Quiz 295

Answers to Chapter 14 Quiz 297

Unit 5: Examining Changes in Energy 301

Chapter 15: Understanding States of Matter in Terms of Energy 303

Changing States of Matter 304

Melting point 304

Boiling point 304

Freezing point 305

Sublimate this! 305

Figuring Out Phase Diagrams 306

Taking a Look at Energy and Temperature 309

Moving right along: Kinetic energy 309

Sitting pretty: Potential energy 310

Measuring Energy 310

Taking a look at temperature 311

Feeling the heat 312

Practice Questions Answers and Explanations 313

Whaddya Know? Chapter 15 Quiz 314

Answers to Chapter 15 Quiz 316

Chapter 16: Warming Up to Thermochemistry 319

Understanding the Basics of Thermodynamics 320

Heat 320

Energy 320

Units of energy 321

Working with Specific Heat Capacity and Calorimetry 323

Specific heat capacity 324

Calorimetry 325

Absorbing and Releasing Heat: Endothermic and Exothermic Reactions 330

Summing Heats with Hess’s Law 332

Practice Questions Answers and Explanations 335

Whaddya Know? Chapter 16 Quiz 338

Answers to Chapter 16 Quiz 340

Chapter 17: Obeying Gas Laws 345

Working with the Kinetic Molecular Theory 345

Measuring and Converting Pressure 348

Boyle’s Law: Playing with Pressure and Volume 351

Charles’s Law and Absolute Zero: Looking at Volume and Temperature 354

Gay-Lussac’s Law: Examining Pressure and Temperature 357

Combining Pressure, Temperature, and Volume into One Law 359

Dealing with Amounts: Avogadro’s Law and the Ideal Gas Law 361

Mixing It Up with Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures 362

Diffusing and Effusing with Graham’s Law 364

Practice Questions Answers and Explanations 365

Whaddya Know? Chapter 17 Quiz 370

Answers to Chapter 17 Quiz 372

Unit 6: Studying Solutions 377

Chapter 18: Dissolving into Solutions 379

Seeing Different Forces at Work in Solubility 379

Understanding solubility 380

Looking at forces in solutions 381

Classifying solutions by concentration 381

Concentrating on Molarity and Percent Solutions 383

Molarity 384

Percent composition of solutions 384

Changing Concentrations by Making Dilutions 388

Altering Solubility with Temperature 390

Practice Questions Answers and Explanations 393

Whaddya Know? Chapter 18 Quiz 397

Answers to Chapter 18 Quiz 398

Chapter 19: Playing Hot and Cold: Colligative Properties 401

Portioning Particles: Molality and Mole Fractions 402

Too Hot to Handle: Elevating and Calculating Boiling Points 404

How Low Can You Go? Depressing and Calculating Freezing Points 407

Determining Molecular Masses with Boiling and Freezing Points 409

Practice Questions Answers and Explanations 411

Whaddya Know? Chapter 19 Quiz 414

Answers to Chapter 19 Quiz 415

Chapter 20: Working with Acids and Bases 419

Getting to Know Acids and Bases 419

Acids and Bases at the Atomic Level 420

The Arrhenius theory: Must have water 421

The Brønsted-Lowry acid-base theory: Giving and accepting 422

Lewis relies on electron pairs 423

Measuring Acidity and Basicity: p H, p OH, and KW 424

Dissociating with Strong and Weak Acids 428

Ionizing completely: Strong acids 429

Falling to pieces: Strong bases 430

Ionizing partway: Weak acids 430

Finding equilibrium with water: Weak bases 432

Practice Questions Answers and Explanations 434

Whaddya Know? Chapter 20 Quiz 438

Answers to Chapter 20 Quiz 440

Chapter 21: Achieving Neutrality with Titrations and Buffers 445

Using Indicators and Titration to Figure Out Molarity 446

Taking a quick dip with litmus paper 447

Titrating with phenolphthalein 447

Maintaining Your pH with Buffers 451

Measuring Salt Solubility with Ksp 454

Practice Questions Answers and Explanations 455

Whaddya Know? Chapter 21 Quiz 457

Answers to Chapter 21 Quiz 458

Glossary 461

Index 471

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