- ISBN: 9780133514407 | 0133514404
- Cover: Paperback
- Copyright: 2/20/2015
For courses in basic and advanced criminal investigation
A Guide to Effective Criminal Investigations
Drawing upon the author’s 50 plus years of experience, Criminal Investigation gives students a comprehensive introduction to the investigative process. From preliminaries to case preparation for prosecutorial review, this text focuses on the fundamentals of inquiry and each element of investigation.
Concise and well-organized, Criminal Investigation exposes students to the most recent investigative techniques and features real-life case studies to help them develop their ability to analyze, evaluate, and reason. Through the emphasis of ethical awareness students gain an understanding of the need for honesty and fidelity in effective criminal investigations.
The Thirteenth Edition includes numerous pedagogical aids to assist the learning process as well as new chapter segments on cell phones, social networking, and video cameras as investigative leads, cold case investigations, home invasion and drug house robberies, organized retail theft and cargo theft, financial investigative responses to organized crime and updates on terrorist activities.
A Guide to Effective Criminal Investigations
Drawing upon the author’s 50 plus years of experience, Criminal Investigation gives students a comprehensive introduction to the investigative process. From preliminaries to case preparation for prosecutorial review, this text focuses on the fundamentals of inquiry and each element of investigation.
Concise and well-organized, Criminal Investigation exposes students to the most recent investigative techniques and features real-life case studies to help them develop their ability to analyze, evaluate, and reason. Through the emphasis of ethical awareness students gain an understanding of the need for honesty and fidelity in effective criminal investigations.
The Thirteenth Edition includes numerous pedagogical aids to assist the learning process as well as new chapter segments on cell phones, social networking, and video cameras as investigative leads, cold case investigations, home invasion and drug house robberies, organized retail theft and cargo theft, financial investigative responses to organized crime and updates on terrorist activities.
Charles Lushbaugh after having earned his bachelor’s degree in Criminal Justice and a master’s degree in Public Administration was hired as a Postal Inspector. After a few years he left this position and was hired by the U.S. Marshal’s Service in Sacramento, California. Eventually he became a deputy with the Sacramento Sheriff’s Department. He served in the corrections and patrol divisions prior to being promoted and placed in charge of the departments training academy. He attended the FBI National Academy and retired at the rank of Lieutenant after 26 years of service. He taught at the California State University at Sacramento in the division of Criminal Justice. During his tenure as a lecturer he taught a variety of courses including Basic and Advance Criminal Investigation, Interviewing and the Detection of Deception and Drug Abuse and Criminal Behavior.
Paul Weston, the original author of this text, was born in New York City. He joined the police force there at a young age and rapidly rose through the ranks and retired at the rank of Chief Deputy. He moved west to become a professor at the California State University at Sacramento. He served in this capacity until he took leave to become the Chief of the California State Police. When he returned to teaching he became to Chair of the division of Criminal Justice. He authored a number of books on Criminal Justice topics such as Arson Investigation, Police Personnel Management, Police Organization and Management, and Criminal Investigation.
Part 1 The Initial Investigation Chapter 1 Evolution of Policing and Investigation 1 Early Response to Crime 2 Night Watch 2 Thief-Takers 3 Bow Street Runners 3 London’s Metropolitan Police 3 American Policing 4 The Reform Movement 5 Development of Forensic Science 7 Local Policing 9 State Policing 9 Federal Investigative Agencies 9 Case Study: Betty’s New Car 11 Chapter Review 12 • Key Terms 12 • Review Questions 12 Application Exercise 13 • Discussion Questions 13 • Related Websites 14 • Notes 14
Chapter 2 Rules of Evidence and Arrest 15 Search Warrants 16 Warrantless Searches 18 Consent Search 18 Stop and Frisk 18 Plain View Exception 19 Search Incident to a Lawful Arrest 19 Motor Vehicle Stop 20 Open Fields 20 Exigent Circumstances 20 Exclusionary Rule 21 Arrest vs. Detention 21 Arrest Warrants 22 Locating the Suspect 22 The Broadcast Alarm 23 Records as Sources of Information 24 Wanted Notices 24 The Arrest 27 Case Preparation 28 The Defendant’s Identity 29 The Defendant and the Corpus Delicti 29 Negative Evidence 30 Lawful Procedures 30 The Decision to Charge 30 Closing an Investigation 31 Case Study: Weeks v. United States 232 U.S. 383 (1914) 32 Chapter Review 33 • Key Terms 33 • Review Questions 33 Application Exercise 34 • Discussion Questions 34 • Related Websites 34 • Notes 35
Chapter 3 The Crime Scene 36 Control of the Crime Scene 37 Approach 37 Safety 38 Medical Attention 38 Search for Witnesses 38 Broadcast Alarm 38 Scene Boundaries 38 Management Notification 39 Media Relations 39 Officer-in-Charge 40 Crime Scene Investigation 40 Search Procedures 40 Collecting Evidence 42 Marking Evidence 43 Establishing the Chain of Custody 44 Packaging Physical Evidence 45 Matching Physical Evidence with Known Standards 46 Transporting Evidence 47 Handling Infected Evidence 48 Identifying Physical Changes at the Scene 49 Conducting a Final Survey of the Scene 49 Recording the Crime Scene 50 Field Notes 50 Preliminary Investigative Report 51 Offense or Crime Report 54 Photographing the Crime Scene 54 Sketching the Crime Scene 56 Videotaping the Crime Scene 60 Locating Witnesses 61 Revisiting the Crime Scene 61 View Area Canvass 62 The Neighborhood Canvass 62 Issuing Pleas for Public Cooperation 63 Case Study: Incredible Evidence 64 Chapter Review 66 • Key Terms 66 • Review Questions 66 Application Exercise 67 • Discussion Questions 67 Related Websites 67 • Notes 68
Chapter 4 Physical Evidence 69 Class and Individual Evidence 70 Weapons 70 Blood 73 Imprints and Impressions 75 Tool Marks 77 Hair 79 Fibers 80 Glass 81 Paint 81 Questioned Documents 82 Case Study: The Blacken Fern 82 Chapter Review 83 • Key Terms 83 • Review Questions 84 Application Exercise 84 • Discussion Questions 85 • Related Websites 85 • Notes 85
Chapter 5 Laboratory and Technical Services 86 Criminalistics: Forensic Science 87 DNA Profiling 88 Mitochondrial DNA 89 Laboratory Determinations 90 Laboratory Equipment 93 Voiceprint Identification 96 Cryptography 96 Forensic Databases 97 Case Study: Child Abduction 98 Chapter Review 98 • Key Terms 98 • Review Questions 99 • Application Exercise 99 • Discussion Questions 100 • Related Websites 100 • Notes 100
Chapter 6 Basic Investigative Leads and Informants 102 Basic Leads 104 Victim’s Background 104 Benefit 105 Opportunity 106 Knowledge 106 Field Contact Reports 107 Vehicles 107 Weapons 108 Fingerprints 108 Stolen Property 109 Modus Operandi 110 Computer Databases 111 Offender Registration 111 Photographs of Known Criminals 112 Composite Sketches for Identification 113 Injured Suspects 114 Linkage Between Suspect and Crime Partners 114 Social Media 115 Video Surveillance Cameras 115 Cell Phones 116 Informants 116 Basic-Lead Informants 117 Participant Informants 118 Covert Informants 119 Accomplice Witnesses 119 Investigative Techniques 120 Visual Surveillance 121 Audio Surveillance 122 Contact Surveillance 124 Search Warrants 125 Police Intelligence: Criminal Investigation Information 125 Proactive Investigation 127 Undercover Police Agents 127 Lineups 128 Case Study: Tracking Bad Guys 129 Chapter Review 129 • Key Terms 129 • Review Questions 130 • Application Exercise 131 • Discussion Questions 131 • Related Websites 131 • Notes 131
Chapter 7 Interviewing and Interrogation 133 Interview Essentials 134 Privacy 134 Rapport Building 135 Competency and Credibility Issues 135 Interview Structure 136 Listening 136 Detection of Deception 137 Physical Signs of Deception 137 Neurolinguistic Eye Movement 138 Polygraph Testing 140 Recollection Refreshment 141 Investigative Hypnosis 141 Cognitive Interview 142 Written Statement of a Witness 142 Interrogations 143 Interrogation Law 143 The Waiver 145 Interrogation Essentials 146 Privacy 146 Prior to Interrogation 146 Approach 147 Why People Confess 147 The Suspect’s Dilemma: The Crime Partner 147 Documenting the Confession 148 Case Study: Interrogation of a Robbery Suspect 149 Chapter Review 150 • Key Terms 150 • Review Questions 151 • Application Exercise 152 • Discussion Questions 152 • Related Websites 152 • Notes 152
Part 2 Investigating Major Crimes Chapter 8 Crimes of Violence 153 Homicide 154 “Suspicious Death” Investigation 154 The Autopsy as an Extension of the Crime Scene 155 Medicolegal Laboratory Services 156 Suicide, Accident, or Criminal Homicide? 157 Identification of the Victim 158 Time of Death 160 Exhumation 161 Checklist for the Investigation of Criminal Homicide 161 Patterns of Criminal Homicide 163 Motive for Murder: Relationships 165 Multicide 165 Cold Case Investigations 168 Stalking 168 Assaults 169 Child Abuse 170 Case Study: Autopsy Surgeon 172 Chapter Review 174 • Key Terms 174 • Review Questions 175 • Application Exercise 175 • Discussion Questions 176 • Related Websites 176 • Notes 176
Chapter 9 Sexual Assaults 177 Rape 178 Initial Action 178 Follow-Up Interview of Victim 180 Follow-Up Interviews of Witnesses 181 Personality Profile of the Serial Rapist 182 Arrest of the Suspected Rapist 183 Case Preparation 184 Problems of Proof 184 Statutory Rape 185 Nuisance Sexual Behavior 185 Child Sexual Abuse 186 Incest 186 Pedophilia 186 The Child as Victim-Witness 189 Case Study: The East Area Rapist 189 Chapter Review 190 • Key Terms 190 • Review Questions 190 • Application Exercise 191 • Discussion Questions 191 • Related Websites 192 • Notes 192
Chapter 10 Missing and Exploited Persons 193 Missing Persons 194 Abducted Infants 194 Missing Children 194 Missing Teenagers 196 Missing Adults 196 Investigative Response 197 Exploited Persons 199 Investigative Leads 200 Case Study: The Cleveland Abductions 201 Chapter Review 201 • Key Terms 201 • Review Questions 202 • Application Exercise 202 • Discussion Questions 202 • Related Websites 203 • Notes 203
Chapter 11 Robbery 204 Components of Robbery 205 The Target in Robberies 208 Identification Evidence 210 Checklist for the Investigation of Robbery 211 Repeat-Offender Cases 213 Carjacking 213 Outline of Carjacking Investigation 213 Problems of Proof 214 Case Study: Cheshire Home Invasion 214 Chapter Review 215 • Key Terms 215 • Review Questions 215 • Application Exercise 216 • Discussion Questions 216 • Related Websites 216 • Notes 216
Chapter 12 Arson, Bombing, and Hate Crimes 218 Arson and Arson Law 219 The Suspicious Fire Concept 220 Burn Patterns: Structural Fires 221 Burn Patterns: Nonstructural Fires 222 Fire Ignition and Place of Origin 222 The Fire Scene 223 Photographs of the Fire Scene 225 The Continuing Arson Investigation 226 Bombings 228 Problems of Proof in Arson and Bombing Cases 229 Hate Crimes 229 Case Study: Motive for Arson 230 Chapter Review 231 • Key Terms 231 • Review Questions 231 • Application Exercise 232 • Discussion Questions 232 • Related Websites 233 • Notes 233
Chapter 13 Property Crimes 234 Burglary 235 Types of Burglars 237 Burglary as a Behavioral Concept 239 Safe Burglars 240 The Burglary Scene Investigation 241 The Postscene Investigation 241 Known Burglars 242 Theft 242 The Attack 244 Modus Operandi Searches 244 The Universe of Suspects 245 Criminal Receivers of Stolen Property 246 Auto Theft 246 Theft by Employees 248 Organized Retail Theft 249 Cargo Theft 250 Fraud 250 Elements of Fraud 251 Bunco Schemes and Con Games 252 The Bank Examiner Fraud 254 Fraudulent Checks 254 Credit Card Fraud 254 Consumer and Business Fraud 255 Workplace Fraud 256 ATM Fraud 256 Investigation of Fraud 257 Case Study: Costly Crush 258 Chapter Review 258 • Key Terms 258 • Review Questions 259 • Application Exercise 260 • Discussion Questions 260 • Related Websites 260 • Notes 261
Chapter 14 CyberCrime 262 Internal Threats 263 External Threats 264 Fraud 265 Identity Theft 267 Child Pornography 267 Child Molesters 268 Contraband Sales 268 Terrorism 268 Investigation 269 Case Study: The Case Against PFC. Bradley Manning 270 Chapter Review 271 • Key Terms 271 • Review Questions 272 • Application Exercise 272 • Discussion Questions 273 • Related Websites 273 • Notes 273
Chapter 15 Dangerous Drugs 274 Entrapment 276 The Drug Scene 276 Heroin 277 Cocaine 278 Marijuana 278 Amphetamine and Methamphetamine 279 Phencyclidine 279 Lysergic Acid Diethylamide 280 Ecstasy 280 Rohypnol 280 Drug-Selling Organizations 280 Drug Investigations 282 Pickup Arrests 282 Arrests Based on “Buys” 283 Search Warrants 284 Warrantless Searches 287 Working-Up Investigations 287 Raids 288 Problems of Proof 289 Case Study: Dangerous Drugs Law Enforcement—Roles and Story Lines 290 Chapter Review 292 • Key Terms 292 • Review Questions 293 • Application Exercise 293 • Discussion Questions 294 • Related Websites 294 • Notes 294
Chapter 16 Special Investigations 295 Vice and Gambling 296 Gambling 296 Prostitution 296 Organized Crime 298 Nature of Operations 298 Characteristic Activity 299 Investigative Alerts 300 Gang Activity 301 Problems of Proof 301 Investigative Tactics 301 Hit and Run 302 The Hit-and-Run Operator 302 The Alarm 304 The Scene Search 304 Stakeouts 305 Transfer Evidence 305 Accountability 306 Possible Murder 306 Case Study: Hit and Run 306 Chapter Review 307 • Key Terms 307 • Review Questions 308 • Application Exercise 308 • Discussion Questions 309 • Related Websites 309 • Notes 309
Chapter 17 Terrorism 310 Defining Terrorism 311 Terrorist Acts 311 Terrorist Atrocities 312 Domestic Terrorism 313 International Terrorism 316 Weapons of Mass Destruction 318 Counterterrorism 318 Role of Police Operations Units 319 Role of the Criminal Investigator 320 Problems of Proof 321 Case Study: Joint Terrorism Task Force 322 Chapter Review 322 • Key Terms 322 • Review Questions 322 • Application Exercise 323 • Discussion Questions 323 • Related Websites 324 • Notes 324 Chapter 18 The Investigator as a Witness and Ethical Awareness 325 The Investigator as a Witness 326 Action Prior to Court Appearance 326 General Behavior 327 Nonverbal Communication 328 Conduct After Testifying 329 Ethical Awareness 330 Crime and Outrageous Conduct 330 Impact of Misconduct on Criminal Investigation 330 Standards for Criminal Investigators 330 Prevention of Misconduct 331 Case Study: The Special Crime Squad 331 Chapter Review 334 • Key Terms 334 • Review Questions 334 • Application Exercise 335 • Discussion Questions 335 • Related Websites 335 • Notes 336
Appendix A Case Briefs 337 Appendix B Federal Controlled Substances Law 341 Appendix C Identity Theft: What to Do If It Happens to You 344 Appendix D Answers to Chapter Review Questions 346 Glossary 348 Index 359
Chapter 2 Rules of Evidence and Arrest 15 Search Warrants 16 Warrantless Searches 18 Consent Search 18 Stop and Frisk 18 Plain View Exception 19 Search Incident to a Lawful Arrest 19 Motor Vehicle Stop 20 Open Fields 20 Exigent Circumstances 20 Exclusionary Rule 21 Arrest vs. Detention 21 Arrest Warrants 22 Locating the Suspect 22 The Broadcast Alarm 23 Records as Sources of Information 24 Wanted Notices 24 The Arrest 27 Case Preparation 28 The Defendant’s Identity 29 The Defendant and the Corpus Delicti 29 Negative Evidence 30 Lawful Procedures 30 The Decision to Charge 30 Closing an Investigation 31 Case Study: Weeks v. United States 232 U.S. 383 (1914) 32 Chapter Review 33 • Key Terms 33 • Review Questions 33 Application Exercise 34 • Discussion Questions 34 • Related Websites 34 • Notes 35
Chapter 3 The Crime Scene 36 Control of the Crime Scene 37 Approach 37 Safety 38 Medical Attention 38 Search for Witnesses 38 Broadcast Alarm 38 Scene Boundaries 38 Management Notification 39 Media Relations 39 Officer-in-Charge 40 Crime Scene Investigation 40 Search Procedures 40 Collecting Evidence 42 Marking Evidence 43 Establishing the Chain of Custody 44 Packaging Physical Evidence 45 Matching Physical Evidence with Known Standards 46 Transporting Evidence 47 Handling Infected Evidence 48 Identifying Physical Changes at the Scene 49 Conducting a Final Survey of the Scene 49 Recording the Crime Scene 50 Field Notes 50 Preliminary Investigative Report 51 Offense or Crime Report 54 Photographing the Crime Scene 54 Sketching the Crime Scene 56 Videotaping the Crime Scene 60 Locating Witnesses 61 Revisiting the Crime Scene 61 View Area Canvass 62 The Neighborhood Canvass 62 Issuing Pleas for Public Cooperation 63 Case Study: Incredible Evidence 64 Chapter Review 66 • Key Terms 66 • Review Questions 66 Application Exercise 67 • Discussion Questions 67 Related Websites 67 • Notes 68
Chapter 4 Physical Evidence 69 Class and Individual Evidence 70 Weapons 70 Blood 73 Imprints and Impressions 75 Tool Marks 77 Hair 79 Fibers 80 Glass 81 Paint 81 Questioned Documents 82 Case Study: The Blacken Fern 82 Chapter Review 83 • Key Terms 83 • Review Questions 84 Application Exercise 84 • Discussion Questions 85 • Related Websites 85 • Notes 85
Chapter 5 Laboratory and Technical Services 86 Criminalistics: Forensic Science 87 DNA Profiling 88 Mitochondrial DNA 89 Laboratory Determinations 90 Laboratory Equipment 93 Voiceprint Identification 96 Cryptography 96 Forensic Databases 97 Case Study: Child Abduction 98 Chapter Review 98 • Key Terms 98 • Review Questions 99 • Application Exercise 99 • Discussion Questions 100 • Related Websites 100 • Notes 100
Chapter 6 Basic Investigative Leads and Informants 102 Basic Leads 104 Victim’s Background 104 Benefit 105 Opportunity 106 Knowledge 106 Field Contact Reports 107 Vehicles 107 Weapons 108 Fingerprints 108 Stolen Property 109 Modus Operandi 110 Computer Databases 111 Offender Registration 111 Photographs of Known Criminals 112 Composite Sketches for Identification 113 Injured Suspects 114 Linkage Between Suspect and Crime Partners 114 Social Media 115 Video Surveillance Cameras 115 Cell Phones 116 Informants 116 Basic-Lead Informants 117 Participant Informants 118 Covert Informants 119 Accomplice Witnesses 119 Investigative Techniques 120 Visual Surveillance 121 Audio Surveillance 122 Contact Surveillance 124 Search Warrants 125 Police Intelligence: Criminal Investigation Information 125 Proactive Investigation 127 Undercover Police Agents 127 Lineups 128 Case Study: Tracking Bad Guys 129 Chapter Review 129 • Key Terms 129 • Review Questions 130 • Application Exercise 131 • Discussion Questions 131 • Related Websites 131 • Notes 131
Chapter 7 Interviewing and Interrogation 133 Interview Essentials 134 Privacy 134 Rapport Building 135 Competency and Credibility Issues 135 Interview Structure 136 Listening 136 Detection of Deception 137 Physical Signs of Deception 137 Neurolinguistic Eye Movement 138 Polygraph Testing 140 Recollection Refreshment 141 Investigative Hypnosis 141 Cognitive Interview 142 Written Statement of a Witness 142 Interrogations 143 Interrogation Law 143 The Waiver 145 Interrogation Essentials 146 Privacy 146 Prior to Interrogation 146 Approach 147 Why People Confess 147 The Suspect’s Dilemma: The Crime Partner 147 Documenting the Confession 148 Case Study: Interrogation of a Robbery Suspect 149 Chapter Review 150 • Key Terms 150 • Review Questions 151 • Application Exercise 152 • Discussion Questions 152 • Related Websites 152 • Notes 152
Part 2 Investigating Major Crimes Chapter 8 Crimes of Violence 153 Homicide 154 “Suspicious Death” Investigation 154 The Autopsy as an Extension of the Crime Scene 155 Medicolegal Laboratory Services 156 Suicide, Accident, or Criminal Homicide? 157 Identification of the Victim 158 Time of Death 160 Exhumation 161 Checklist for the Investigation of Criminal Homicide 161 Patterns of Criminal Homicide 163 Motive for Murder: Relationships 165 Multicide 165 Cold Case Investigations 168 Stalking 168 Assaults 169 Child Abuse 170 Case Study: Autopsy Surgeon 172 Chapter Review 174 • Key Terms 174 • Review Questions 175 • Application Exercise 175 • Discussion Questions 176 • Related Websites 176 • Notes 176
Chapter 9 Sexual Assaults 177 Rape 178 Initial Action 178 Follow-Up Interview of Victim 180 Follow-Up Interviews of Witnesses 181 Personality Profile of the Serial Rapist 182 Arrest of the Suspected Rapist 183 Case Preparation 184 Problems of Proof 184 Statutory Rape 185 Nuisance Sexual Behavior 185 Child Sexual Abuse 186 Incest 186 Pedophilia 186 The Child as Victim-Witness 189 Case Study: The East Area Rapist 189 Chapter Review 190 • Key Terms 190 • Review Questions 190 • Application Exercise 191 • Discussion Questions 191 • Related Websites 192 • Notes 192
Chapter 10 Missing and Exploited Persons 193 Missing Persons 194 Abducted Infants 194 Missing Children 194 Missing Teenagers 196 Missing Adults 196 Investigative Response 197 Exploited Persons 199 Investigative Leads 200 Case Study: The Cleveland Abductions 201 Chapter Review 201 • Key Terms 201 • Review Questions 202 • Application Exercise 202 • Discussion Questions 202 • Related Websites 203 • Notes 203
Chapter 11 Robbery 204 Components of Robbery 205 The Target in Robberies 208 Identification Evidence 210 Checklist for the Investigation of Robbery 211 Repeat-Offender Cases 213 Carjacking 213 Outline of Carjacking Investigation 213 Problems of Proof 214 Case Study: Cheshire Home Invasion 214 Chapter Review 215 • Key Terms 215 • Review Questions 215 • Application Exercise 216 • Discussion Questions 216 • Related Websites 216 • Notes 216
Chapter 12 Arson, Bombing, and Hate Crimes 218 Arson and Arson Law 219 The Suspicious Fire Concept 220 Burn Patterns: Structural Fires 221 Burn Patterns: Nonstructural Fires 222 Fire Ignition and Place of Origin 222 The Fire Scene 223 Photographs of the Fire Scene 225 The Continuing Arson Investigation 226 Bombings 228 Problems of Proof in Arson and Bombing Cases 229 Hate Crimes 229 Case Study: Motive for Arson 230 Chapter Review 231 • Key Terms 231 • Review Questions 231 • Application Exercise 232 • Discussion Questions 232 • Related Websites 233 • Notes 233
Chapter 13 Property Crimes 234 Burglary 235 Types of Burglars 237 Burglary as a Behavioral Concept 239 Safe Burglars 240 The Burglary Scene Investigation 241 The Postscene Investigation 241 Known Burglars 242 Theft 242 The Attack 244 Modus Operandi Searches 244 The Universe of Suspects 245 Criminal Receivers of Stolen Property 246 Auto Theft 246 Theft by Employees 248 Organized Retail Theft 249 Cargo Theft 250 Fraud 250 Elements of Fraud 251 Bunco Schemes and Con Games 252 The Bank Examiner Fraud 254 Fraudulent Checks 254 Credit Card Fraud 254 Consumer and Business Fraud 255 Workplace Fraud 256 ATM Fraud 256 Investigation of Fraud 257 Case Study: Costly Crush 258 Chapter Review 258 • Key Terms 258 • Review Questions 259 • Application Exercise 260 • Discussion Questions 260 • Related Websites 260 • Notes 261
Chapter 14 CyberCrime 262 Internal Threats 263 External Threats 264 Fraud 265 Identity Theft 267 Child Pornography 267 Child Molesters 268 Contraband Sales 268 Terrorism 268 Investigation 269 Case Study: The Case Against PFC. Bradley Manning 270 Chapter Review 271 • Key Terms 271 • Review Questions 272 • Application Exercise 272 • Discussion Questions 273 • Related Websites 273 • Notes 273
Chapter 15 Dangerous Drugs 274 Entrapment 276 The Drug Scene 276 Heroin 277 Cocaine 278 Marijuana 278 Amphetamine and Methamphetamine 279 Phencyclidine 279 Lysergic Acid Diethylamide 280 Ecstasy 280 Rohypnol 280 Drug-Selling Organizations 280 Drug Investigations 282 Pickup Arrests 282 Arrests Based on “Buys” 283 Search Warrants 284 Warrantless Searches 287 Working-Up Investigations 287 Raids 288 Problems of Proof 289 Case Study: Dangerous Drugs Law Enforcement—Roles and Story Lines 290 Chapter Review 292 • Key Terms 292 • Review Questions 293 • Application Exercise 293 • Discussion Questions 294 • Related Websites 294 • Notes 294
Chapter 16 Special Investigations 295 Vice and Gambling 296 Gambling 296 Prostitution 296 Organized Crime 298 Nature of Operations 298 Characteristic Activity 299 Investigative Alerts 300 Gang Activity 301 Problems of Proof 301 Investigative Tactics 301 Hit and Run 302 The Hit-and-Run Operator 302 The Alarm 304 The Scene Search 304 Stakeouts 305 Transfer Evidence 305 Accountability 306 Possible Murder 306 Case Study: Hit and Run 306 Chapter Review 307 • Key Terms 307 • Review Questions 308 • Application Exercise 308 • Discussion Questions 309 • Related Websites 309 • Notes 309
Chapter 17 Terrorism 310 Defining Terrorism 311 Terrorist Acts 311 Terrorist Atrocities 312 Domestic Terrorism 313 International Terrorism 316 Weapons of Mass Destruction 318 Counterterrorism 318 Role of Police Operations Units 319 Role of the Criminal Investigator 320 Problems of Proof 321 Case Study: Joint Terrorism Task Force 322 Chapter Review 322 • Key Terms 322 • Review Questions 322 • Application Exercise 323 • Discussion Questions 323 • Related Websites 324 • Notes 324 Chapter 18 The Investigator as a Witness and Ethical Awareness 325 The Investigator as a Witness 326 Action Prior to Court Appearance 326 General Behavior 327 Nonverbal Communication 328 Conduct After Testifying 329 Ethical Awareness 330 Crime and Outrageous Conduct 330 Impact of Misconduct on Criminal Investigation 330 Standards for Criminal Investigators 330 Prevention of Misconduct 331 Case Study: The Special Crime Squad 331 Chapter Review 334 • Key Terms 334 • Review Questions 334 • Application Exercise 335 • Discussion Questions 335 • Related Websites 335 • Notes 336
Appendix A Case Briefs 337 Appendix B Federal Controlled Substances Law 341 Appendix C Identity Theft: What to Do If It Happens to You 344 Appendix D Answers to Chapter Review Questions 346 Glossary 348 Index 359
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