What All Children Need Theory and Application

In What All Children Need, Linda Dunlap provides information and guidance to assist those who are helping children grow. Although concepts and ideas from numerous educational and psychological theorists will be included, the framework for this book is based upon Abraham Maslow's seven levels within his Hierarchy of Needs. Maslow's theory has not been promoted previously as a major model in understanding how to help children develop. Dunlap's intent is to provide concrete and practical examples of ways to nurture developmental needs of children in relation to Maslow's theory.

Linda L. Dunlap is Associate Professor and Chair in the Department of Psychology at Marist College, New York

Preface

ix

Acknowledgments

xi

Providing for Children's Basic Needs: First Things First

1

(34)

What the Theorists Suggest

2

(1)

Meeting Children's Basic Needs

3

(1)

Children's Basic Nutritional Needs

4

(2)

Childhood Obesity

6

(2)

Childhood Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia

8

(1)

Encouraging Healthy Eating Habits

9

(2)

Providing Basic Health Care Needs

11

(1)

Prenatal Needs

12

(2)

Typical Childhood Health Patterns

14

(1)

The Effects of Low Income on Children's Health

15

(1)

School and Community Roles in Providing Health Services

16

(1)

Need for Adequate Shelter

17

(1)

Housing Conditions for Children Living in Poverty

18

(1)

The Effects of Child Care

19

(5)

Need for Exercise

24

(4)

Need for Rest

28

(1)

Need for Personal Space

29

(1)

Providing a Healthy Earth

30

(1)

In Conclusion

31

(1)

Chapter 1 Resources

31

(4)

Creating a Safer Environment: Safety Amid Hazards

35

(44)

What the Theorists Suggest

35

(2)

Children's Need for Guidance

37

(2)

General Safety Concerns

39

(3)

Information and Skills That Enhance Children's Safety

42

(1)

Common Childhood Fears

43

(2)

Reaction to Fears

45

(2)

Every Day, Real-Life Fears

47

(1)

School Fears

47

(3)

Child Abuse

50

(2)

Risk-Taking Behavior

52

(2)

Drug Abuse

54

(3)

Sexual Activity

57

(3)

Antisocial Behaviours

60

(2)

Suicide

62

(2)

Anger and Aggression

64

(1)

Media's Impact

65

(3)

Anger Management

68

(4)

Conflict Resolution

72

(2)

In Conclusion

74

(1)

Chapter 2 Resources

75

(4)

Children Need to Belong and Be Valued: Love is Not Enough

79

(32)

What the Theorists Suggest

79

(5)

Effects of Different Family Types

84

(1)

Traditional, Two-Parent Families

85

(1)

Single-Parent Families

86

(1)

Children Whose Parents are Divorced

86

(3)

Blended (Step or Reconstituted) Families

89

(1)

Nontraditional Families

90

(1)

Extended-Multigenerational Families

90

(1)

Families with Adopted Children

91

(1)

Foster Families

91

(1)

Other Family Types

92

(1)

The Effects of Cultural Differences

93

(5)

The Role of Siblings

98

(3)

The Effects of Birth Order

101

(1)

The Role of Peers

102

(1)

The Effects of Gender

103

(5)

Helping Children Learn to Love and Affirm Others

108

(1)

In Conclusion

108

(1)

Chapter 3 Resources

109

(2)

Building Positive Self-esteem: Helping Children Value Themselves

111

(34)

What the Theorists Suggest

112

(4)

Developmental Changes in Self-Concept

116

(1)

Developmental Changes in Self-Esteem

117

(3)

Factors that Affect the Self-Esteem

120

(4)

The Effects of Guidance Styles

124

(4)

The Need for Child Guidance to be Balanced and Collaborative

128

(2)

The Need for Rules/Guidelines

130

(3)

The Effects of Stress

133

(2)

Resilient Children

135

(1)

Other Influences on the Development of Self-Esteem

136

(3)

Enhancing Prosocial and Altruistic Behavior

139

(4)

Outcomes Related to Varying Levels of Self-Esteem

143

(1)

In Conclusion

144

(1)

Chapter 4 Resources

144

(1)

Helping Children Achieve: Knowledge Enhances Opportunity

145

(36)

Andrea M. Noel

What the Theorists Suggest

146

(20)

Defining Knowledge

166

(2)

Defining Intelligence

168

(2)

Potential Limitations of Piaget's Theory

170

(2)

The Need for Children to be Actively Engaged in Learning

172

(1)

The Importance of Children's Social Interactions

173

(1)

The Importance of Supporting Children's Natural Motivation to Learn

174

(3)

In Conclusion

177

(1)

Chapter 5 Resources

178

(3)

Helping Children See the World's Beauty: Variety is the Spice of Life

181

(30)

What the Theorists Suggest

182

(6)

Seeing the Beauty in Nature

188

(2)

The Value of ``The Arts''

190

(8)

The Importance of Experiencing Diversity

198

(6)

Enhancing Moral Development

204

(2)

The Value of Encouraging Creativity, Imagination, Curiosity, and Intuitive Thought

206

(1)

The Role of Schools in Enhancing Aesthetic Needs

207

(1)

In Conclusion

208

(1)

Chapter 6 Resources

209

(2)

Reaching the Goal: Letting Children Find Themselves

211

(26)

What the Theorists Suggest

212

(10)

The Effects of Varying Types of Motivation

222

(2)

The Effects of Reward and Punishment

224

(2)

Moving Toward Independence

226

(2)

Providing a Sense of Order

228

(1)

The Benefits of Establishing Goals

229

(3)

Valuing Uniqueness and Encouraging Movement Toward Self-Actualization

232

(1)

In Conclusion

233

(2)

Chapter 7 Resources

235

(2)

Epilogue

237

(2)

Refernces

239

(54)

Index

293

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What All Children Need Theory and Application

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials