Environmental Electrochemistry : Fundamentals and Applications in Pollution Sensors and Abatement

, by Rajeshwar, Krishnan; Ibanez, Jorge G.; Rajeshwar, Krishnan; Ibanez, Jorge G.

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ISBN: 9780125762601 | 0125762607
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 10/1/1997

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The first book of its kind, Environmental Electrochemistry considers the role that electrochemical science and engineering can play in environmental remediation, pollution targeting, and pollutant recycling. Electrochemical-based sensors and abatement technologies for the detection, quantification, and treatment of environmental pollutants are described. Each chapter includes an extensive listing of supplemental readings, with illustrations throughout the bookto clarify principles and approaches detailed in the text. Key Features * The first book to review electro- and photoelectrochemical technologies for environmental remediation, pollution sensors and pollutant recycling * Applicable to a broad audience of environmental scientists and practicing electrochemists * Includes both laboratory concepts and practical applications

CHAPTER 1

(56)

1.1. Introduction

(3)

1.2. Some Definitions and Classification of Pollutants

(4)

1.3. Environmental Media and Pollutant Transport

(10)

1.3.1. Air

(2)

1.3.2. Water

(3)

1.3.3. Soil

(3)

1.3.4. Biota

(2)

1.4. Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology of Common Pollutants - A Primer

(12)

1.4.1. Organics

(4)

1.4.2. Inorganics

(6)

1.4.3. Microorganisms

(1)

1.5. Current Methods for Pollutant Analyses

(6)

1.5.1. Analysis of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants

(5)

1.5.2. Assay of Microorganisms

(1)

1.6. Current Methods for Pollutant Treatment

(13)

1.6.1. Incineration and Pyrolysis

(1)

1.6.2. Air Stripping

(1)

1.6.3. Microbial Treatment

(2)

1.6.4. Precipitation and Coagulation

(1)

1.6.5. Chemical Treatment

(2)

1.6.6. Adsorption

(1)

1.6.7. Membrane Processes

(1)

1.6.8. Distillation

(1)

1.6.9. Advanced Oxidation Processes

(1)

1.6.10. Treatment of Polluted Sites

(2)

1.7. Electrochemical Technology and the Environment

(1)

1.8. Summary

(1)

References

(4)

Supplementary Reading

(3)

CHAPTER 2

(70)

2.1. Introduction

(1)

2.2. Current, Charge, and Potential

(4)

2.3. Charge and Mass Transport

(2)

2.4. Electrode Electrolyte Interfaces and Electrochemical Cells

(5)

2.5. Thermodynamics and Kinetics in Electrochemical Systems

(14)

2.5.1. Use of Standard Reduction Potentials

(1)

2.5.2. Redox Potentials and the Nernst Equation

(2)

2.5.3. Electrode Reaction Kinetics

(1)

2.5.4. Ohmic, Activation, and Concentration Polarization

(5)

2.5.5. Pourbaix Diagrams

(3)

2.5.6. Mixed Potentials

(2)

2.6. Electroanalytical Chemistry

(14)

2.6.1. Potentiometric Methods

(4)

2.6.2. Dynamic Methods

(9)

2.7. Electrolysis and Electrodeposition

(3)

2.8. Mass Transport Under Forced Convection in an Electrochemical Cell

100

(4)

2.9. Electrochemical Reactor Design

104

(8)

2.9.1. Performance Figures of Merit of an Electrochemical Reactor

111

(1)

2.9.2. Economic Criteria

112

(1)

2.10. Electrokinetic Phenomena

112

(4)

2.11. Semiconductor Electrochemistry

116

(4)

2.11.1. Band Structure of a Semiconductor and Band Bending at a Semiconductor Liquid Junction

117

(3)

2.12. Photoemission at Metal Electrodes

120

(2)

2.13. Instrumentation

122

(1)

2.14. Summary

123

(1)

References

123

(1)

Supplementary Reading

124

(3)

CHAPTER 3

127

(74)

3.1. Introduction

127

(2)

3.2. Electrochemistry of Organic Pollutants

129

(26)

3.2.1. General Considerations

129

(7)

3.2.2. Survey of the Electrochemistry of Environmentally Important Organics

136

(19)

3.3. Electrochemistry of Inorganic Pollutants

155

(34)

3.3.1. Metals

155

(12)

3.3.2. Nonmetals (Metalloids)

167

(8)

3.3.3. Inorganic Anions and Gaseous Species

175

(5)

3.3.4. Organometallic Compounds

180

(1)

3.3.5. Organo Derivatives of Arsenic, Phosphorus, and Sulfur

181

(8)

3.4. Summary

189

(1)

References

189

(9)

Supplementary Reading

198

(3)

CHAPTER 4

201

(160)

4.1. Introduction

201

(3)

4.2. Flow Injection Analysis

204

(4)

4.3. Potentiometric Sensors

208

(12)

4.3.1. Speciation Studies

212

(1)

4.3.2. Solid State and Gas Sensors

213

(2)

4.3.3. Flow Systems

215

(1)

4.3.4. Examples of Environmental Applications of Potentiometric Sensors

216

(4)

4.4. Amperometric-Coulometric and Voltammetric-Polarographic Detection in Flow Systems

220

(30)

4.4.1. Cell design: General Considerations

220

(3)

4.4.2. Specific Cell Designs and Electrode Geometries

223

(3)

4.4.3. Dual-Electrode and Array Detectors

226

(5)

4.4.4. Electrode Materials and Electrode Surface Modification

231

(16)

4.4.5. Dioxygen Removal, Derivatization, and Other Practical Considerations

247

(3)

4.5. Amperometric Sensors for Environmental Pollutants: Some Examples

250

(21)

4.6. Amperometric Gas Sensors

271

(5)

4.7. Stripping Analyses: Specialized Aspects

276

(28)

4.7.1. Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetry

276

(4)

4.7.2. Anodic Stripping with Collection

280

(1)

4.7.3. Subtractive Stripping Voltammetry

280

(2)

4.7.4. Potentiometric Stripping Analysis

282

(5)

4.7.5. Miscellaneous Aspects of Stripping Analyses

287

(3)

4.7.6. Trace Element Speciation in Water by Stripping Analyses

290

(9)

4.7.7. Electrochemical Speciation Data on Environmentally Important Elements

299

(5)

4.7.8. Other Studies on Environmental Pollutants by Stripping Analyses

304

(1)

4.8. Direct Voltammetric (or Polarographic) Determination of Pollutants

304

(3)

4.9. Electrochemistry as an Auxiliary Tool to Atomic Spectroscopies

307

(3)

4.10. Conductivity Detectors

310

(2)

4.11. Photoassisted Detection of Pollutants

312

(6)

4.11.1. Photoelectrochemical Detection

314

(1)

4.11.2. Photogalvanic and Luminescent Detection

315

(2)

4.11.3. Spectroelectrochemical Detection

317

(1)

4.12. Summary

318

(1)

References

319

(39)

Supplementary Reading

358

(3)

CHAPTER 5

361

(138)

5.1. Introduction

361

(1)

5.2. Positive Features of Electrochemical Remediation

362

(1)

5.3. Direct Electrolysis of Pollutants

363

(35)

5.3.1. Anodic Oxidation of Sample Organic Pollutants

363

(11)

5.3.2. Anodic Oxidation of Sample Inorganic Pollutants

374

(2)

5.3.3. Cathodic Reduction of Pollutants: Electrode Materials

376

(1)

5.3.4. Cathodic Reduction of Sample Organics

377

(1)

5.3.5. Cathodic Reduction of Sample Inorganics

378

(2)

5.3.6. Cathodic Reduction of Metal Ions

380

(18)

5.4. Indirect Electrolysis of Pollutants

398

(12)

5.4.1. Reversible Processes

399

(6)

5.4.2. Irreversible Processes

405

(3)

5.4.3. Fenton Reaction Chemistry

408

(1)

5.4.4. Approaches Relying on pH Manipulation

409

(1)

5.5. Electroflotation, Electrocoagulation, and Electroflocculation

410

(7)

5.6. Electrochemical Remediation of Gaseous Pollutants

417

(15)

5.6.1. CO(2) Reduction

419

(4)

5.6.2. H(2)S Treatment

423

(3)

5.6.3. SO(2) Removal

426

(3)

5.6.4. NO(x) Removal

429

(2)

5.6.5. Chlorine Removal and Concentration

431

(1)

5.7. Membrane-Assisted Processes

432

(17)

5.7.1. Ion Exchange Membranes: General Considerations

433

(3)

5.7.2. Applications of Ion Exchange Membranes: Electrodialysis

436

(4)

5.7.3. Membrane Cell Electrolysis

440

(2)

5.7.4. Bipolar Membrane-Based Processes

442

(2)

5.7.5. Electrochemical Ion Exchange

444

(3)

5.7.6. Other Membranes and Adsorbents

447

(2)

5.8. Electrokinetic Processing of Soil

449

(4)

5.9. Emerging Materials for Electrochemical Treatment of Pollutants

453

(17)

5.9.1. Electrode Materials

454

(11)

5.9.2. Membranes and Electrode Surface Modification Agents

465

(1)

5.9.3. Electrolytes

466

(4)

Summary

470

(1)

References

470

(26)

Supplementary Reading

496

(3)

CHAPTER 6

499

(126)

6.1. Introduction

499

(1)

6.2. Photolysis of H(2)O(2) and O(3) and Generation of e(aq)

500

(4)

6.3. Destruction of Organics as Mediated by (.)OH and e(aq)

504

(2)

6.4. Direct Photodissociation of the Pollutant

506

(3)

6.5. Reaction Kinetics, Mechanisms and Examples of Application of the UV-H(2)O(2) System

509

(11)

6.6. Reaction Kinetics, Mechanisms and Examples of Application of the UV-O(3) System

520

(7)

6.7. The UV-H(2)O(2)-O(3) Process

527

(1)

6.8. UV-H(2)O(2) and UV-O(3) Systems: Practical Considerations

527

(4)

6.9. Heterogeneous Photocatalysis

531

(69)

6.9.1. Operating Principle and Scope of the Photocatalysis Method

532

(9)

6.9.2. Thermodynamic Aspects

541

(1)

6.9.3. Choice of Semiconductor Photocatalyst, Photocatalyst Configuration and Other Materials-Related Aspects

541

(4)

6.9.4. Absorption of Light by the Photocatalyst and Quantum Yield

545

(8)

6.9.5. Carrier Dynamics in Irradiated TiO(2) Particles

553

(6)

6.9.6. Photocharging of the TiO(2) Particles

559

(4)

6.9.7. Dynamics of Interfacial Electron and Hole Transfer at Irradiated TiO(2) (and Other Semiconductor) Suspensions

563

(12)

6.9.8. Kinetics and Mechanistic Aspects of Photocatalytic Reactions at TiO(2)

575

(9)

6.9.9. Reaction Intermediates

584

(7)

6.9.10. Comparison of the Direct Photolysis, UV-H(2)O(2), Fenton Reaction, and Heterogeneous Photocatalysis Approaches for the Destruction of Organic Pollutants

591

(1)

6.9.11. Photocatalytic Oxidation of Organic Pollutants: Miscellaneous Aspects

592

(3)

6.9.12. Photocatalytic Treatment of Inorganic Pollutants

595

(1)

6.9.13. Gas-Phase Photocatalysis and the Treatment of Air-Borne Pollutants

595

(2)

6.9.14. Photocatalytic Reactor Design Considerations

597

(2)

6.9.15. The Photocatalytic Pollutant Treatment Approach: Prospects and Problems

599

(1)

6.10. Summary

600

(1)

References

600

(25)

CHAPTER 7

625

(62)

7.1. Introduction

625

(2)

7.2. Water Disinfection: Background and Principles

627

(11)

7.2.1. General Considerations

627

(1)

7.2.2. Chemical Disinfection

628

(7)

7.2.3. Disinfection By-Products

635

(1)

7.2.4. Taste and Odor Removal

636

(1)

7.2.5. Indicator Organisms

637

(1)

7.3. Electrochemical Disinfection of Water

638

(5)

7.3.1. Introductory Remarks

638

(1)

7.3.2. Electrosorption of Microorganisms and Direct Electron Transfer

638

(2)

7.3.3. In situ Electrogeneration of Disinfection Agents

640

(3)

7.4. Disinfection by High-Energy Radiation

643

(1)

7.5. UV Disinfection of Water

644

(22)

7.5.1. General Considerations

644

(3)

7.5.2. UV Dose and Disinfection Kinetics

647

(5)

7.5.3. The Role of Suspended Particles and Chemicals in UV Disinfection

652

(6)

7.5.4. UV Dose Sensitivity of Various Microorganisms and Comparison with Chlorine and other Dininfection Methods

658

(1)

7.5.5. Photoreactivation and Sublethal UV Damage Repair

659

(1)

7.5.6. Flow Systems for UV Disinfection of Water

660

(3)

7.5.7. Photolysis of Aqueous Chlorine

663

(1)

7.5.8. UV-O(3) and Other Advanced Oxidation Processes for DBP Control and Water Treatment

664

(2)

7.6. Photoelectrochemical Disinfection of Air and Water

666

(2)

7.7. Electrochemical Detection and Enumeration of Microorganisms

668

(5)

7.8. Summary

673

(1)

References

673

(1)

Supplementary Reading

673

(14)

CHAPTER 8

687

(52)

8.1. Introduction

687

(3)

8.2. Commercial Vendors of Electrochemical Equipment and Accessories

690

(1)

8.3. Electrochemical Sensors of Environmental Pollutants: Commercialization Efforts

690

(1)

8.4. Electrochemical Reactors for Pollutant Treatment and Chemical Recycling

691

(17)

8.4.1. Water Treatment Systems

691

(4)

8.4.2. Commercial Processes for Water Treatment and Chemical Recycling

695

(10)

8.4.3. Gas and Air Treatment Systems and Processes

705

(3)

8.5. Advanced Oxidation Processes: Pilot and Field Tests and Commercialization Efforts

708

(22)

8.5.1. Supplies of Ozonators, UV Lamps, and Catalysts for UV-H(2)O(2), UV-O(3) and UV-TiO(2) Technologies

708

(2)

8.5.2. Companies Marketing AOP Technologies

710

(6)

8.5.3. Companies Marketing Direct Photolysis Technology

716

(1)

8.5.4. Pilot, Field, and Demonstration Tests of the AOPs

717

(9)

8.5.5. Economic Considerations

726

(4)

8.6. Water Disinfection Technology

730

(3)

8.6.1. Case Studies

730

(2)

8.6.2. Economic Aspects

732

(1)

8.7. Summary

733

(1)

References

734

(5)

Appendix A Abbreviations, Acronyms, Symbols, and Notation

739

(14)

Appendix B Physical Constants, Units and Unit Conversions, and Reference Electrode Potentials

753

(4)

Appendix C Selected Standard Reduction Potentials in Aqueous Media at 25(0)C

757

(2)

Appendix D Companies Marketing Electrochemical Technologies and Accessories for Pollution Sensors and Pollution Abatement

759

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Environmental Electrochemistry : Fundamentals and Applications in Pollution Sensors and Abatement

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