Human Reasoning: The Psychology Of Deduction

Deductive reasoning is widely regarded as an activity central to human intelligence, and as such has attracted a large amount of psychological study. In this survey of the field, the authors provide a detailed and balanced review of all the main kinds of deductive reasoning tasks studied by psychologists. Topics covered include conditional and disjunctive reasoning, the Wason selection task, relational inference, and reasoning with syllogisms and quantifiers.; Throughout the review, a distinction is drawn between the main empirical findings in the field and the major theoretical approaches proposed to account for these findings. Discussion of experimental findings is organized around three central questions: what is the extent and limitation of human competence in deductive reasoning?; what factors are responsible for systematic errors and biases on reasoning tasks?; and how is human reasoning influenced by the content in which logical problems are presented?; Four major classes of theory are discussedthroughout the book. The long-established theory that people have a mental logic comprised of formal rules of inference is contrasted particularly with the more recently developed mental model theory of deductive reasoning. Explanations of many phenomena, especially biases, are also considered in terms of heuristic processes. Finally, consideration is given to accounts of content and context effects based upon the use of domain-sensitive rules or schemas.; The book ends with a discussion of research on deductive reasoning in the context of the debate about human rationality.