Biomembrane Transport

, by Van Winkle, Lon J.; Bussolati, Ovidio; Gazzola, Gian; McGiven, John; Mackenzie, Bryan; Saier, Milton H.; Taylor, Peter M.

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ISBN: 9780127145105 | 0127145109
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 5/1/1999

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Biomembrane Transportcovers the fundamental principles of biomembrane transport proteins, including thermodynamics and kinetics, structure and catalytic mechanism, and regulation and integration classification. The book considers recent advances in transport protein structure and function, along with established concepts. The importance of biomembrane transport to regulation and interorgan nutrient flows and metabolism is covered, as well as classical and modern techniques for characterizing transport. The book also contains a classification scheme for all known transport proteins according to their functions and amino acid residue sequence similarities.

Foreword

Preface

xiii

Importance of Biomembrane Transport

Introduction

(2)

Solute and Solvent Fluxes Are Determined by Barriers and Propelling Forces

(4)

Biomembrane Transport in Context

(3)

Summary

(3)

Biomembrane Composition, Structure, and Turnover

Introduction

(1)

Is the Fluid Mosaic Model of Membrane Structure Still Adequate?

(16)

Some Components of the Biomembrane Can Be Reconstituted

(1)

How Are Biomembrane Composition and Structure Regulated?

(8)

Summary

(1)

Themodynamics and Transport

Introduction

(1)

Similar Mathematical Expressions Serve for the Free Energy Change in a Chemical Reaction and in the Migration of a Solute or Solvent

(4)

Changes in Enthalpy and Entropy May Contribute Differently to the Free Energy Changes Associated with a Biochemical Reaction and Migration of a Solute

(1)

The Total Chemical Potential Change for a Transport Process Also May Have an Electrical Component

(3)

The Gibbs--Donnan Effect Also Generates Osmotic Pressure

(2)

Chemical Reactions Drive Primary Active Transport

(6)

Reversal of Transport May Drive Chemical Reactions

(1)

How Do Fluctuations in the Local Hydrogen Ion Potential Facilitate Formation of Phosphoric Acid Anhydride Bonds by the Mitochondrial F0F1-1 ATP Synthase?

(1)

Conversion of Solute Total Chemical Potential Gradients to Gradients of Other Solutes during Co- and Countertransport

(4)

Dissipation of Solute Gradients through Mediated Transport Processes May Also Perform Work

(2)

Application of Thermodynamic Principles to the Solution of Practical Transport Problems

(1)

Summary

(2)

Transport Kinetics

Introduction

(1)

Kinetics of Diffusion

(4)

How Do Measurements of both the Diffusional and the Osmotic Permeability Coefficient for Water Inform Us about the Mechanism of Water Transport across a Plasma Membrane?

(3)

Do Lipophilic Substances Migrate across Biomembrane Phospholipid Bilayers by Simple Diffusion?

(1)

Lipid-Soluble Substances Are Used to Attempt to Measure the Width of Unstirred Water Layers on Either Side of Biomembranes

(2)

Do Such Determinations of the Apparent Widths of Unstirred Water Layers Reflect the Intended Physical Phenomenon or Our Ignorance of How Lipid-Soluble Substances Cross Biomembranes?

(3)

Protein versus Lipid-Mediated Mechanisms of Fatty Acid Migration across Biomembranes

(2)

Protein-Mediated Biomembrane Transport Is Probably Always Substrate Saturable

(2)

Kinetics of Saturable Transport

(15)

Identification and Minimization or Deduction of Processes That May Obscure a Transport Process of Interest

(18)

Kinetic Differences among Substrate-Saturable Transport Processes That Form, Propagate, or Dissipate Solute Gradients

116

(8)

Summary

124

(2)

Appendix

126

(7)

Structure and Function of Transport Proteins That Form Solute Gradients

Introduction

133

(2)

P-Type ATPases

135

(17)

F°F1-ATP Synthases (F-Type ATPases)

152

(14)

Summary

166

(3)

Transport Proteins That Propagate Solute Gradients

Introduction to Symporters and Antiporters

169

(1)

Both Erythroid and Nonerythroid Tissues Express Anion Exchangers

170

(38)

ASC and Excitatory (Anionic) Amino Acid Transporters Comprise One of Two Known Families of Mammalian Na+/Amino Acid Symporters

208

(25)

Both AE and EAAT/ASC Proteins Have Additional Functions

233

(4)

Summary

237

(2)

Channel Proteins Usually Dissipate Solute Gradients

Introduction

239

(1)

Structure, Function, and Evolution of Channel Proteins

240

(14)

Kinetics of Transport via K+ and Other Channels

254

(8)

Summary

262

(3)

A Proposed System for the Classification of Transmembrane Transport Proteins in Living Organisms

Introduction

265

(1)

Work of the Enzyme Commission as a Basis for the Systematic Classification of Transport Proteins

265

(1)

Phylogeny as a Basis for Protein Classification: Criteria for Family Assignment

266

(1)

Proposed Transport Protein Classification System

267

(5)

Representative Examples of Classified Families

272

(1)

Cross-Classification of Transport Proteins

272

(3)

The Two Largest Superfamilies of Transporters: The MF and ABC Superfamilies

275

(1)

Macromolecular Transport Proteins in Bacteria

275

(1)

Conclusions and Perspectives

276

(1)

Regulation of Plasma Membrane Transport

Introduction

277

(1)

Regulation of Transport by Changes in Driving Force: The Role of Plasma Membrane Potential

277

(1)

Regulation of the Activity of Existing Transporters through Modifications of Transporter Molecules

278

(6)

Regulation of Transport by Changes in the Repertoire of Transport Proteins in the Plasma Membrane

284

(3)

Coordinated Regulation of Transport Systems

287

(1)

Derangements in Transport Regulation

287

(6)

Summary

293

(2)

Biomembrane Transport and Interorgan Nutrient Flows: The Amino Acids

Interorgan Nutrition

295

(1)

Interorgan Amino Acid Nutrition: General Principles and Key Issues

295

(13)

Control of Interorgan Amino Acid Metabolism: Metabolic Control Theory and Safety Factors

308

(3)

Physiologically Important Flows of Amino Acids and Related Compounds

311

(8)

Amino Acid Nutrition under Special Circumstances

319

(6)

Summary

325

(2)

Selected Techniques in Membrane Transport

Introduction

327

(1)

Purification and Reconstitution of Transport Proteins

327

(1)

Methods for Isolating cDNAs Coding for Transport Proteins

328

(1)

Heterologous Expression Systems for Transport Proteins

329

(3)

Voltage-Clamp Techniques in Xenopus Oocytes

332

(6)

Probing Transport with Ion-Selective Microelectrodes

338

(1)

Optical Methods for Measuring Membrane Transport

339

(1)

Structure--Function Studies of Transport Proteins

339

(2)

Genetic Approaches to Understanding Transporter Function

341

(1)

Summary of Preparations Used to Study Native Membrane Transport

341

(2)

Commentary

Epilogue

343

(2)

References

345

(42)

Index

387

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Biomembrane Transport

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials