Curbside Consultation in Pediatric Ophthalmology 49 Clinical Questions

Rudolph S. Wagner, MD graduated from the University of Notre Dame with a BS degree and received his MD degree from Rutgers—New Jersey Medical School. He completed his Ophthalmology Residency at Rutgers—New Jersey Medical School and Fellowship in Pediatric Ophthalmology at Wills Eye Hospital of Jefferson Medical College in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He is presently Clinical Professor of Ophthalmology at the Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science of Rutgers—New Jersey Medical School in Newark, New Jersey and Director of Pediatric Ophthalmology at the same institution. He has published over 140 scientific articles and has contributed to many chapters in textbooks. He is co-editor of the Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. He has been teaching and practicing pediatric ophthalmology for over 25 years and has particular interests in neonatal ophthalmology and pediatric conjunctivitis. He enjoys teaching eye surgery in third world countries and most recently traveled to Ulan Baatar, Mongolia with ORBIS. In 2012 he was presented the Senior Honor Award from the American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO) in Chicago, Illinois.

Dedication 
Acknowledgments 
About the Editor
Contributing Authors 
Foreword by Leonard B. Nelson, MD, MBA 
Introduction

Section I Vision Screening 

Question 1 What Are the Normal Developmental Milestones for Vision in Infants? 
Rudolph S. Wagner, MD and Melissa A. Simon, MD

Question 2 What Is Pediatric Office Photoscreening? When Should I Use It? 
Robert W. Arnold, MD, FAAP

Question 3 What Are the Best Methods to Screen for Strabismus in the Pediatrician’s Office? 
Robert W. Lingua, MD

Question 4 How Do I Make a Diagnosis of Amblyopia? 
William Madigan, MD, FACS

Question 5 What Are the Essentials of the Eye Examination That Should Be Included in Routine Pediatric Office Visits for Specific Age Groups? 
Dawn Duss, MD

Question 6 What Is Dyslexia, and How Is It Treated? 
Sheryl M. Handler, MD

Question 7 Does Vision Therapy or Colored Lenses Benefit Dyslexia? 
Sheryl M. Handler, MD

Section II Cataracts 

Question 8 If a Child Has Deprivation Amblyopia, Is There Anything That Can Be Done to Correct It? What Are the Causes, Signs, and Symptoms? 
Suqin Guo, MD and Nina Ni, MD

Question 9 What Should the Medical Work-up of a Baby With Congenital Cataracts Include? 
Dawn Duss, MD

Question 10 Do Systemic Steroids Cause Ocular Disease? If So, Under What Conditions? How About Inhaled Steroids? 
Nina Ni, MD and Suqin Guo, MD

Section III Trauma 

Question 11 How Do I Diagnose and Treat Corneal Abrasions? Does Patching Remain an Important Component of Therapy?
Denise Hug, MD

Question 12 How Do I Manage Corneal and Conjunctival Foreign Bodies? 
William Constad, MD

Question 13 How Can I Recognize a Perforating Ocular Injury? 
Ronald Rescigno, MD

Question 14 What Are the Signs and Symptoms of an Orbital Fracture? 
Roger E. Turbin, MD, FACS

Question 15 How Do I Manage a Traumatic Iritis? 
Nina Ni, MD and Suqin Guo, MD

Question 16 Should I Suture Eyelid Lacerations, or Can I Use Glue? 
Paul D. Langer, MD, FACS

Section IV Infections 

Question 17 What Is the Difference Between a Stye (Hordeolum) and a Chalazion, and How Are They Treated? 
Steven J. Lichtenstein, MD, FAAP

Question 18 How Can I Determine if a Red Eye Is Caused by a Bacterial Infection, Viral Infection, or Allergic Reaction? How Are They Managed? 
Christina M. Ohnsman, MD

Question 19 What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Herpes Simplex in the Eye? 
Jonathan C. Song, MD and Ismael Al Ghamdi, MD

Question 20 Is It Ever Appropriate for a Non-Ophthalmologist Physician to Use Topical Steroids for Ocular Disease? 
Kara Cavuoto, MD and Mark Dorfman, MD

Question 21 How Do I Know When to Admit a Child With Orbital Cellulitis to the Hospital? 
Dorothy J. Reynolds, MD

Question 22 Does MRSA Cause Ocular Disease? 
Rudolph S. Wagner, MD

Question 23 How Do I Manage Blepharitis and Chalazia? 
Rudolph S. Wagner, MD and Nicole Pritz, MD

Section V Strabismus 

Question 24 How Can I Differentiate a True Strabismus From a Pseudostrabismus? 
Scott E. Olitsky, MD and Paula Grigorian, MD

Question 25 What Is the Differential Diagnosis of a Child Who Complains of Double Vision, and How Do I Manage It? 
Scott E. Olitsky, MD and Nicholas R. Binder, MD

Question 26 What Causes an Acute Esotropia, and How Should These Children Be Worked Up? 
Leonard B. Nelson, MD, MBA

Question 27 Why Do Some Children With Esotropia Need Surgery While Others Only Need Glasses? 
Patrick A. DeRespinis, MD, FACS, FAAP, FAAO

Question 28 Is There an Optimal Age for Strabismus Surgery? 
Scott E. Olitsky, MD and Luke Rebenitsch, MD

Question 29 What Are the Causes of Ocular Torticollis? 
Scott E. Olitsky, MD and Florin Grigorian, MD

Question 30 Do Eye Exercises Work in the Treatment of Strabismus? 
Kyle Arnoldi, CO

Section VI General Eye Complaints 

Question 31 What Causes Light Sensitivity in Children? 
Javaneh Abbasian, MD and Brian J. Forbes, MD, PhD

Question 32 Do Refractive Errors Cause Headaches? 
Larry Frohman, MD

Section VII Tumors 

Question 33 How Do I Manage Periocular Hemangiomas? At What Point and to Whom Do I Refer? 
Nina Ni, MD and Suqin Guo, MD

Question 34 What Are the Most Common Eyelid and Orbital Neoplasms in Children, and How Can I Differentiate Them? 
Carol L. Shields, MD

Question 35 What Clinical Findings Should Make Me Suspect an Orbital Tumor, and What Types Occur in Children? 
Carol L. Shields, MD

Question 36 How Is Retinoblastoma Diagnosed? What Does the Work-up Entail, and What Measures Should I Take to Never Miss This Diagnosis? 
Carol L. Shields, MD

Question 37 What Is the Differential Diagnosis of Leukocoria? 
Carol L. Shields, MD

Section VIII Retinopathy of Prematurity 

Question 38 Which Children Must Be Screened for Retinopathy of Prematurity, and How Should They Be Followed Once Discharged From the Hospital? 
James Reynolds, MD

Question 39 What Is New in the Treatment of Retinopathy of Prematurity? 
R.V. Paul Chan, MD, FACS and María Ana Martínez-Castellanos, MD

Question 40 Why Does Myopia Occur Frequently in Children With Significant
Retinopathy of Prematurity? 
Rudolph S. Wagner, MD

Section IX Tearing and Eyelid Disorders 

Question 41 My New Patient Is Having a Problem With Tearing. How Can I Help
Him? 
Linda Nakanishi, MD

Question 42 What Is Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction? How Is It Managed? When Should I Refer These Children? 
Suqin Guo, MD and Nina Ni, MD

Question 43 How Does a Congenital Dacryocele Present, and How Should I Manage These Infants? 
Rudolph S. Wagner, MD

Question 44 Do Children With Epiblepharon and Tearing Require Eyelid Surgery to Alleviate Their Problem? 

Renelle Pointdujour Lim, MD and Roman Shinder, MD

Question 45 What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Congenital Glaucoma? 
Catherine A. Origlieri, MD and Albert S. Khouri, MD

Question 46 How Often Should Children With Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Be Seen by the Ophthalmologist? 
David S. Chu, MD

Question 47 Does Congenital Ptosis Cause Amblyopia in Many Cases?
William R. Katowitz, MD

Question 48 Which Children With Congenital Ptosis Usually Require Surgery? 
William R. Katowitz, MD

Question 49 What Is Blepharophimosis Syndrome, and How Is It Managed? 
Paul D. Langer, MD, FACS

Financial Disclosures 
Index 

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