Sensory Evaluation Practices

Understanding what the consumer wants and will accept are two of the most significant hurdles faced by anyone in new product development. Whether the concern is the proper mouth-feel of a potato chip, the sense of "freshness" evoked by a chewing gum, or the weight and texture of a cosmetic, if the consumer doesn't find the product acceptable, it won't sell. Sensory evaluation testing is the process that establishes the consumer acceptability of a product. It can help identify issues before general production is begun, and potentially bring to light issues that hadn't previously been considered a factor in the success of the project. Methods of sensory evaluation have progressed significantly since the first edition of this book, and with each edition since. Recent improved understanding of key components such as the importance of the difference between experts and consumers and the selection of subjects, the analysis of various measurement scales, hybrid methods, and proper preparation of an evaluation panel make this fourth edition timely and important for those working in product development including sensory professionals, technical managers, product specialists and research directors. *Appeals to sensory experts both in academia and business *Discovered new optimization is based on integration of sensory descriptive and consumer research data *New sensory information with imagery

Foreword	p. vii
Preface	p. ix
Introduction to Sensory Evaluation	p. 1
Introduction and objective	p. 1
Historical background	p. 8
Development of sensory evaluation	p. 12
Defining sensory evaluation	p. 15
A physiological and psychological perspective	p. 17
The Organization and Operation of a Sensory Evaluation Program	p. 23
Introduction	p. 23
Organizing a sensory evaluation program	p. 26
Goals and objectives	p. 30
Program strategy	p. 32
Professional staff	p. 34
Facilities	p. 39
Test methods	p. 54
Selection of subjects	p. 55
Subject screening procedures	p. 60
Performance monitoring and motivation	p. 68
Requests and reports	p. 71
Operations manual	p. 75
Planning and research	p. 76
Strategic use of research vendors	p. 76
Conclusions	p. 78
Measurement	p. 81
Introduction	p. 81
Components of measurement: scales	p. 83
Nominal scales	p. 86
Ordinal scales	p. 88
Interval scales	p. 96
Ratio scales	p. 97
Selected measurement techniques	p. 101
Hedonic scale	p. 101
Face scales	p. 104
Labeled affective magnitude scale	p. 106
Just-about-right scale	p. 106
Other scales of interest	p. 112
Conclusion	p. 115
Test Strategy and the Design of Experiments	p. 117
Introduction	p. 118
Test request and objective	p. 120
Product criteria	p. 121
Psychological errors	p. 122
Error of central tendency	p. 123
Time-order error	p. 124
Error of expectation	p. 125
Error of habituation and of anticipation	p. 125
Stimulus error	p. 126
Logical error and leniency error	p. 126
Halo effect	p. 126
Proximity error	p. 127
Contrast and convergence errors	p. 127
Statistical considerations	p. 129
Reliability and validity	p. 132
Replication	p. 134
Independence and dependence of judgments	p. 136
Random selection of subjects	p. 136
Risk in the decision-making process: Type 1 and Type 2 errors	p. 136
Statistical measures	p. 139
Experimental design considerations	p. 154
Selected product designs	p. 157
Discrimination Testing	p. 167
Introduction	p. 168
Methods	p. 172
Paired-comparison test	p. 172
Duo-trio test	p. 174
Triangle test	p. 176
Other test methods	p. 178
Components of testing	p. 179
Organization and test management	p. 179
Test requests	p. 181
Test objectives	p. 182
Test procedures	p. 183
Data analysis and interpretation	p. 199
The just-noticeable difference	p. 225
Special problems	p. 226
Is there preference after difference?	p. 226
Magnitude of degree of difference	p. 228
Equivalency and similarity testing	p. 229
Description of difference	p. 230
Summary	p. 230
Descriptive Analysis	p. 233
Introduction	p. 233
Test methods	p. 245
Flavor profile	p. 245
Texture profile	p. 247
Quantitative descriptive analysis (the QDA method)	p. 250
Spectrum descriptive analysis	p. 275
Free-choice profiling	p. 278
Other methods	p. 280
Experts and expert panels	p. 280
Applications for descriptive analysis	p. 286
Conclusions	p. 289
Affective Testing	p. 291
Introduction	p. 291
Methods	p. 295
Paired comparison	p. 296
Hedonic scale	p. 300
Other methods	p. 301
Subjects	p. 304
Types of acceptance testing	p. 307
Laboratory testing	p. 307
Central location testing	p. 310
Special types of central location tests	p. 311
In-home-use tests	p. 313
Other types of acceptance tests	p. 318
Special issues	p. 319
Sensory science versus marketing research/consumer insights	p. 319
The difference-preference test	p. 320
The curse of N	p. 321
The scorecard as a short story	p. 322
The many ways to ask the preference question	p. 323
What question do I ask first?	p. 324
Conclusions	p. 325
Strategic Applications	p. 327
Introduction	p. 327
Front end of innovation	p. 329
Product development	p. 334
Product optimization	p. 345
Sensory, physical, and chemical relationships	p. 356
Stability testing	p. 363
Quality control	p. 370
Market audits	p. 384
Extended-use testing	p. 386
Sensory and legal claims for advertising	p. 388
Conclusion	p. 393
Epilogue	p. 395
Introduction	p. 395
Educating the sensory professional	p. 398
The future	p. 404
References	p. 407
Index	p. 425
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

What is included with this book?

The New copy of this book will include any supplemental materials advertised. Please check the title of the book to determine if it should include any access cards, study guides, lab manuals, CDs, etc.

The Used, Rental and eBook copies of this book are not guaranteed to include any supplemental materials. Typically, only the book itself is included. This is true even if the title states it includes any access cards, study guides, lab manuals, CDs, etc.

FREE SHIPPING

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Sensory Evaluation Practices

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials