Subversion From Covert Operations to Cyber Conflict

In Subversion, Lennart Maschmeyer provides a powerful new theory and analysis of an age-old concept. While a strategy of subversion offers great strategic promise in theory, it faces an underappreciated set of challenges that limit its strategic value in practice. Drawing from two major cases--the KGB's use of traditional subversion methods to crush the Prague Spring in 1968 and Russia's less successful use of cyberwarfare against Ukraine since 2014--Maschmeyer demonstrates both the benefits and weaknesses of the approach. While many believe that today's cyber-based subversion campaigns offer new strategic opportunities, they also come with their own challenges. Because of these disadvantages, cyber operations continue to fall short of expectations--most recently in the Russo-Ukrainian war. By showing that traditional subversion methods remain the more potent threat, Subversion forces us to reconsider our fears of the subversive potential of cyberwar.

Lennart Maschmeyer is a senior researcher in cybersecurity at the Center for Security Studies at ETH Zurich. He holds a PhD from the University of Toronto and an MPhil from the University of Oxford. His work has been published in International Security, the European Journal of International Relations, and the Journal of Information Technology and Politics and has received wide news coverage.

Introduction
Chapter 1: Subversion and Power
Chapter 2: Information Technology and Subversion
Chapter 3: Traditional Subversion: Crushing the Prague Spring 1968-1973
Chapter 4: Cyber-Enabled Subversion: Russia's 'Hybrid War' against Ukraine 2013-2018
Chapter 5: Subversion in War: Russia's Invasion of Ukraine 2022
Subversion, Evolved: New Possibilities and New Perils
Bibliography