Transformations: Women, Gender and Psychology
, by Crawford, Mary
- ISBN: 9780078026980 | 0078026989
- Cover: Paperback
- Copyright: 12/1/2017
PART 1 Introduction
Chapter 1 Paving the Way 2
Beginnings
How Did the Psychology of Women Get Started?
Psychology and the Women’s Movement
Voices from the Margins: A History
What Is Feminism?
Feminism Has Many Meanings
Is There a Simple Definition?
Methods and Values in Psychological Research
Psychology’s Methods
Toward Gender-Fair Research
Feminist Values in Research
Intersectionality
About This Book
A Personal Reflection
Exploring Further
PART 2 Gender in Social Context
Chapter 2 Gender, Status, and Power 24
What Is Gender?
Gender Shapes Societies and Cultures
Gender and Power
Justifying Gender Inequality
Gender Shapes Social Interactions
Constructing Gender through Female Bodies
Gender as a Presentation of Self
“Doing Gender”
Constructing Gender in Interaction
Gender Shapes Individuals
Identity, Power, and Gender Differences
Sexist Attitudes
Linking the Levels of Gender: A Summary
Making a Difference
Transforming Ourselves
Transforming Interpersonal Relations
Transforming the Structures of Inequality
Exploring Further
Chapter 3 Images of Women
Words Can Never Hurt Me?
Language about Women and Men
Worth a Thousand Words: Media Images
Representing Women and Men
Face-ism
Sexual Objectification
Invisible Women
Stereotypes about Women and Men
The Content of Gender Stereotypes
Sexuality Stereotypes
The Intersectionality of Gender and Ethnic Stereotypes
Are Stereotypes Accurate?
Stereotypes Are Hard to Change
The Impact of Stereotypes
Stereotypes, the Self, and Stereotype Threat
Stereotypes, Status, and Power
Stereotypes and Sexist Behavior
How Not to Stereotype
Making a Difference
Transforming Language
Challenging Objectification
Exploring Further
Chapter 4 The Meanings of Difference
The Politics of Difference and Similarity
Defining Difference and Similarity
Measuring Differences
Interpreting Results: Values and Ideology in Research
Gendering Cognition: “Girls Can’t Do Math”
What Factors Influence Mathematics Performance?
Social Implications of Gendered Cognition
Gendering Emotion: “Boys Don’t Cry”
Emotion Stereotypes
Culture, Ethnicity, and Emotionality
Emotionality and Social Interaction
Social Implications of Gendered Emotionality
Making a Difference
The Individual Level: Thinking Critically about Differences and Similarities
The Interactional Level: Difference and Discrimination
The Sociocultural Level: Creating Opportunities for Equality
Can Similarities and Differences Be Reconciled?
Exploring Further
PART 3 Gender and Development
Chapter 5 Sex, Gender, and Bodies
How Does Sex Develop?
Sexual Differentiation during Fetal Development
Variations in Fetal Development: Intersexuality
Sex, Gender Identity, and Gender Typing
Intersexuality and Identity
Transgender Identity
Sex and Sexual Orientation
Is There a Gay Gene?
Hormones and Sexual Orientation
Sex as a Social Construction
Constructing Two Sexes
Rethinking Gender Dysphoria
Beyond the Binary
More Than Two Sexes
Genderqueer
Making a Difference
Transforming Society: Equality for Gender Minorities
Transforming Ourselves: Accepting Biological and Social Diversity
Exploring Further
Chapter 6 Gendered Identities: Childhood and Adolescence
Theories of Gender Development
Social Learning Theory
Cognitive Theories
Gender in the Child’s Daily Life
Parental Influences
Peer Influences
Gendered Environments
Media Influences
Intersectionality and Gender Typing
Children and Poverty 180
Leaving Childhood Behind: Puberty and Adolescence
Changing Bodies
Gender Intensification
Vulnerabilities of Adolescence
Who is this New Self?
Peer Culture and Harassment 188
Making a Difference
Transforming Social Interactions: Enlarging the Options for Girls
Transforming Ourselves: Resisting Gender Typing
Exploring Further
PART 4 Gendered Life Paths
Chapter 7 Sex, Love, and Romance
How Is Sexuality Shaped by Culture?
What Are Sexual Scripts?
Contemporary and Safer Sex
Sexual Scripts Differ across Ethnic Groups and Cultures
Adolescent Sexuality
How Does Sexuality Emerge in the Teen Years?
What Factors Influence the Decision to Have Sex?
Teens and Safer Sex
Experiencing Sexuality
First Intercourse: Less Than Bliss?
Women's Experiences of Orgasm
Evils of Masturbation or Joys of Self-Pleasure?
Lesbian and Bisexual Women
Defining Sexual Orientation
Developing a Lesbian or Bisexual Identity
Intersections of Ethnic and Sexual Identity
Hookups, Dating, and Romantic Love
The Subtle Scripts of Sexual Initiative and Pleasure
Sexual Scripts and Sexual Dysfunction
Social Contexts of Sexual Expression
Cultural Variations in the United States
Attractiveness and Sexual Desirability
Disability and Sexuality
Is Sex Talk Sexist?
Studs and Sluts: Is There Still a Double Standard?
Silencing Girls’ Sexuality
Controlling Women’s Sexuality
Making a Difference
Safer Sex
Better Sex
Exploring Further
Chapter 8 Commitments: Women and Close Relationships
Marriage
Who Marries and When?
Who Marries Whom?
Varieties of Marriage
Power in Marriage
Happily Ever After?
Marital Satisfaction and Psychological Adjustment
Lesbian Couples
Lesbian and Heterosexual Couples Compared
Characteristics of Lesbian Marriages and Relationships
Power and Satisfaction in Lesbian Relationships 248
Cohabiting Couples
Who Cohabits and Why?
Does Living Together Affect Later Marriage?
Ending the Commitment: Separation and Divorce
What Are the Causes and Consequences of Divorce?
Remarriage
Making a Difference
Marriage Equality for Lesbian and Gay Couples
True Partnership: Equality in Heterosexual Marriage
Exploring Further
Chapter 9 Mothering
Images of Mothers and Motherhood
The Decision to Have a Child
Why Do Women Choose to Have Children?
Childless by Choice or Circumstance?
Restricting Women’s Choices
Technology and Choice
The Transition to Motherhood
How Does Motherhood Change Work and Marital Roles?
Psychological Effects of Bodily Changes during Pregnancy
How Do Others React to Pregnant Women?
Motherhood and Women’s Identity
The Event of Childbirth
Is Childbirth a Medical Crisis?
Family-Centered Childbirth
Depression Following Childbirth: Why?
Experiences of Mothering
Teen Mothers
Single Mothers
Black Mothers and the Matriarchal Myth
GBT Mothers
Making a Difference
Transforming Social Policy: Redefining Family Values
Transforming Social Meanings: Redefining Parenthood
Exploring Further
Chapter 10 Work and Achievement
If She Isn’t Paid, Is It Still Work?
Housework as Real Work
Relational Work: Keeping Everybody
Happy
Status Work: The Two-Person Career
What Are the Costs and Benefits of Invisible Work?
Working Hard for a Living: Women in the Paid Workforce
Occupational Segregation
Women’s Work as Only Natural
The Wage Gap
Doing Gender in the Workplace
Evaluating Women’s Performance
Discrimination in Hiring and Promotion
Social Reactions to Token Women
The Importance of Mentoring
Leadership: Do Women Do It Differently?
Sexual Harassment from Nine to Five
Defining Sexual Harassment
The Prevalence of Harassment
What Are the Causes of Harassment?
The Consequences of Harassment
Women’s Career Development
Expectancies, Values, and Career Paths
High-Achieving Women
Putting It All Together: Work and Family
What Are the Costs of the Balancing Act?
What Are the Benefits of the Balancing Act?
Making A Difference: Women, Work, and Social Policy
Exploring Further
Chapter 11 The Second Half: Midlife and Aging
Not Just a Number: The Social Meanings of Age
Is There a Double Standard of Aging?
Ageism
Cross-Cultural Differences
Self-Identity and Social Identity
Images of Older Women
Invisibility
Grannies and Witches: Images and Stereotypes of Older Women
The Effects of Age Stereotypes
In an Aging Woman’s Body
Physical Health in Middle and Later Life
Menopause and Hormone Replacement Therapy
The Medicalization of Menopause
Constructing the Object of Desire
Exercise and Fitness
Sexuality in Middle and Later Life
Relationships: Continuity and Change
Friends and Family
Becoming a Grandmother
Caregiving: Its Costs and Rewards
Loss of a Life Partner
Work and Achievement
Women in Their Prime
Retirement
Poverty in Later Life
Making a Difference
Transforming Society: Elder Activism
Transforming Social Interaction: Taking Charge of the Second Half
Transforming Ourselves: Resisting Ageism
Exploring Further
PART 5 Gender and Well-Being
Chapter 12 Violence against Women
Violence against Girls and Women: A Global Perspective
The Gender System and Violence
Rape-Prone Societies
'Honor'-based Violence
Sex Trafficking
Violence and the Media
Language about Violence
Gender Violence as Entertainment
Violence and Social Media
Pornography
Violence against Children
Child Sexual Abuse 382
How Can Abuse of Children Be Ended?
Violence in Intimate Relationships
Dating Violence
Stalking
Violence in Long-Term Relationships
How Can Relationship Violence Be Ended?
Violence in Later Life
Elder Abuse
Widow Abuse
How Can Elder Abuse Be Ended?
Making a Difference
A Multifaceted Approach to Interventions
Women’s Rights Are Human Rights
Exploring Further
Chapter 13 Psychological Disorders, Therapy, and Women’s Well-Being
Sexist Bias in Defining Disorders
The Social Construction of Abnormality
Women’s Behavior as Abnormal
Blaming Women for Distress and Disorders
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)
Gender-Linked Psychological Disorders
Why Are There Gender Related Differences in the Rates of Some Disorders?
Which Disorders Are Diagnosed More Frequently in Women?
Sexist Bias in the Treatment of Psychological Disorders
Institutionalizing Women
Medicating Women
Traditional Psychotherapy
Feminist Therapy
Conducting Feminist Therapy
Intersectionality and Feminist Therapy
Evaluating Feminist Therapy
Making a Difference
Transforming Ourselves: Finding (or Becoming) a Feminist Therapist
Transforming Social Relations: Challenging the “Crazy Woman” Stereotype
Transforming Society: Promoting Women’s Psychological Well-Being
Exploring Further
Chapter 14 Making a Difference: Toward a Better Future for Women
Contemporary Feminism
Imagery and Attitudes
Negative Images and Stereotypes of Feminists
Attitudes toward Feminism
Feminist Psychology and Social Change
The Changing Face of Psychology
Imagine a World . . .
What Can One Student Do?
References
Credits
Name Index
Subject Index
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