Turkey A Modern History, Revised Edition

This substantially revised edition of Erik J. Zurcher's acclaimed and definitive history builds upon the themes of Turkey's continuing incorporation into the West and the modernization of its state and society. It begins with the forging of closer links with Europe following the French Revolution, charts the fortunes of the Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth century and offers a strongly revisionist interpretation of the role of Turkey's founding father, Kemal Ataturk. In exploring the post-1950 period the author focuses on issues such as the growth of mass politics; internal and external migration, military coups and Turkey's human rights record; the transition from statism to an export-oriented market economy, Turkey's ambivalent relations with the Middle East and Europe; the growth of Islamism; the Kurdish question and the contested nature of Turkish identity.

Erik J. Znrcher is Professor of Turkish Studies at the University of Leiden.

Preface

vii

Preface to the Third Edition

ix

Glossary

xi

Introduction: Periodization, Theory and Methodology

1

(8)

Part I Western Influences and Early Attempts at Modernization

1. The Ottoman Empire at the end of the Eighteenth Century

9

(12)

2. Between Tradition and Innovation: Sultan Selim III and the 'New Order', 1789-1807

21

(9)

3. The Early Years of Sultan Mahmut II: The Centre Tries to Regain Control

30

(6)

4. The Later Years of Sultan Mahmut II: The Start of the Reforms

36

(14)

5. The Era of the Tanzimat, 1839-71

50

(21)

6. The Crisis of 1873-78 and its Aftermath

71

(5)

7. Reactionary Despotism or Culmination of the Reforms? The reign of Sultan Abdulhamit II

76

(17)

Part II The Young Turk Era in Turkish History (1908-50)

8. The Second Constitutional Period, 1912-18

93

(40)

9. The Struggle for Independence

133

(33)

10. The Emergence of the One-Party State, 1923-27

166

(10)

11. The Kemalist One-Party State, 1925-45

176

(30)

12. The Transition to Democracy, 1945-50

206

(15)

Part III A Troubled Democracy

13. The Rule of the Democratic Party, 1950-60

221

(20)

14. The Second Turkish Republic, 1960-80

241

(37)

15. The Third Republic: Turkey since 1980

278

(60)

Notes

338

(18)

Maps drawn by Russell Townsend

356

(3)

The Ottoman Balkans

356

(1)

Anatolia

357

(1)

The Arab Provinces of the Ottoman Empire

358

(1)

Bibliographical Survey

359

(22)

Biographical Notes: Some Important Figures in Ottoman and Turkish History

381

(26)

Index

407

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Turkey A Modern History, Revised Edition

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials