Understanding Human Behavior and the Social Environment With Infotrac

, by ZASTROW/KIRST-ASHMAN

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ISBN: 9780534546892 | 0534546897
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 7/13/2000

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Author Biography

Supplemental Materials

About the Authors

vii

Preface

xvii

Theoretical Perspectives on Human Behavior and the Social Environment

(50)

A Prespective

(1)

Foundation Knowledge and the Purpose of Social Work

(1)

Foundation Knowledge and the Process of Social Work: The Importance of Assessment

(1)

Impacts of Systems in the Environment

(8)

Understanding Key Concepts in Systems Theories

(3)

The Ecological Perspective: Important Concepts

(1)

Case Example: Child Abuse

(4)

People's Involvement with Multiple Systems

(10)

Micro, Mezzo, and Macro Systems

(1)

The Social Environment

(1)

Interactions Between Micro Systems and Mezzo Systems

(1)

Interactions Between Micro Systems and Macro Systems

(3)

The Impact of Social Forces

(1)

The Relationships among Biological, Psychological, and Social Systems

(1)

Bio-Psycho-Social Systems Affect Each Other

(1)

Application of Values and Ethics to Bio-Psycho-Social System Assessments

(1)

Diversity, Oppression, and Populations-at-Risk

(2)

The Systems Impact Model

(4)

The Client System

(1)

The Relationship Between Organizational Macro Systems and Client Systems

(1)

The Relationship Between the Community Macro System and the Client System

(1)

The Relationship Between Organization and Community Macro Systems

(1)

Institutional Values Macro System

(1)

The Effects of Institutional Values and Organizational Macro Systems on Clients

(1)

The Social Worker System

(1)

The Impacts of Organizations

(3)

What Are Organizations?

(2)

Organizational Theories

(1)

Viewing Organizations from a Systems Perspective

(3)

Resource Input

(1)

Process

(1)

Output

(1)

The Exceptional Problems of Social Service Organizations

(2)

Goal Displacement

(1)

Communities and Human Behavior

(8)

Theoretical Perspectives on Communities

(3)

Models of Community

(1)

Characteristics of Three Models of Community Change

(3)

Social Worker System Roles

(6)

Enabler

(1)

Hispanic Women, Community Development, and Social Action

(2)

Mediator

(1)

Integrator/Coordinator

(1)

Manager

(1)

Educator

(1)

Analyst/Evaluator

(1)

Broker

(1)

Facilitator

(1)

Initiator

(1)

Negotiator

(1)

Advocate

(1)

Assessment, Problem Solving, and Social Work: The Underlying Theme

(1)

Summary

(4)

Case Example: Unplanned Pregnancy

(3)

Part One Infancy and Childhood

Biological Systems and Their Impacts on Infancy and Childhood

(47)

A Perspective

(1)

The Dynamics of Human Reproduction

(13)

Conception

(1)

Diagnosis of Pregnancy

(1)

Fetal Development during Pregnancy

(2)

Prenatal Influences

(2)

Prenatal Assessment

(1)

Access to Prenatal Care: Obstacles in the Macro Environment

(1)

Problem Pregnancies

(1)

The Birth Process

(5)

Early Functioning of the Neonate

(1)

Developmental Milestones

(2)

Growth as a Continuous, Orderly Process

(1)

Specific Characteristics of Different Age Levels

(1)

Individual Differences

(1)

The Nature-Nurture Controversy

(1)

Relevance to Social Work

(1)

Profiles of Normal Development

(1)

Significant Issues and Life Events

(1)

The Abortion Controversy: Impacts of Social and Economic Forces

(18)

Developmental Milestones for Children From Age 4 Months to 11 Years

(5)

The Impact of Macro System Policies on Practice and Access to Services

(1)

Case Example: Single and Pregnant

(4)

Incidence of Abortion

(1)

Methods of Abortion

(1)

The Importance of Context and Timing

(1)

Long-Term Effects of Abortion

(1)

Arguments for and Against Abortion

(1)

Social Worker Roles and Abortion

(1)

Abortion-Related Ethical Dilemmas in Practice

(2)

Infertility

(10)

Causes of Infertility

(1)

Psychological Reactions to Infertility

(1)

Treatment of Infertility

(1)

Alternatives Available to the Infertile Couple

(1)

A Feminist Perspective on Infertility Counseling

(4)

An Ethical Dilemma: Fertility Doctor Allegedly Uses His Own Sperm to Impregnate Unknowing Patients

(3)

The Effects of Macro Systems on Infertility

(1)

Social Work Roles and Infertility

(1)

Summary

(2)

Psychological Systems and Their Impacts on Infancy and Childhood

(48)

A Perspective

(1)

Theories of Psychological Development

100

(14)

Psychodynamic Theory

100

(2)

Definitions of Common Defense Mechanisms Postulated By Psychoanalytic Theory

102

(2)

Critical Thinking: Evaluation of Psychodynamic Theory

104

(1)

Neo-Freudian Psychoanalytic Developments

104

(1)

Behavioral Theories

105

(1)

Phenomenological Theories: Carl Rogers

105

(2)

Feminist Theories

107

(1)

Being Sensitive to Diversity When Examining Psychological Theories

108

(1)

The Relevance of Theory to Social Work: Critical Thinking and Evaluation of Theory

109

(5)

Cognitive Development: Piaget

114

(7)

The Sensorimotor Period

116

(1)

The Preoperational Thought Period

117

(2)

The Period of Concrete Operations

119

(1)

The Period of Formal Operations

119

(1)

Critical Thinking: Evaluation of Piaget's. Theory

120

(1)

Emotional Development

121

(3)

Infants' Emotions

122

(1)

Infants and Temperament

123

(1)

Self-Concept and Self-Esteem

124

(3)

The Effects of Positive and Negative Self-Concepts

125

(2)

A Cross-Cultural Perspective on Self-Esteem

127

(1)

Significant Issues and Life Events

127

(17)

Intelligence and Intelligence Testing

127

(5)

People Who Have Cognitive Disabilities: A Population-at-Risk

132

(5)

The Americans With Disabilities Act: A Macro System Addresses a Population-At-Risk

137

(1)

People with Learning Disabilities: A Population-at-Risk

138

(1)

People With Developmental Disabilities: Populations-at-Risk

139

(3)

The Effects of a Learning Disability

142

(2)

Summary

144

(2)

Social Systems and Their Impacts on Infancy and Childhood

146

(57)

A Perspective

147

(1)

Socialization

148

(1)

The Family Environment

148

(4)

Membership in Family Groups: Variations in Family Structure

148

(1)

Positive Family Functioning

149

(1)

Effects of Social Forces and Policies on Family Systems: Helpful or Hurtful?

150

(2)

The Dynamics of Family Systems

152

(1)

The Family Life Cycle

152

(5)

The Application of Systems Theory Principles to Families

153

(4)

Learning Theory

157

(7)

Critical Thinking: Evaluation of Theory

158

(1)

Respondent Conditioning

158

(1)

Modeling

159

(1)

Operant Conditioning

160

(1)

The ABCs of Behavior

160

(1)

Consequences and Recurring Behavior

161

(1)

Reinforcement

161

(1)

Punishment

162

(1)

Extinction

163

(1)

Applications of Learning Theory to Practice

164

(8)

The Use of Positive Reinforcement

165

(1)

Types of Positive Reinforcers

165

(1)

Secondary Reinforcers

165

(2)

Reinforcers versus Rewards

167

(1)

Suggestions for Using Positive Reinforcement

168

(1)

The Use of Punishment

169

(3)

Additional Issues

172

(3)

Accidental Training

172

(1)

Behaviorally Specific Terminology

173

(1)

Accidental Training

173

(1)

Measuring Improvement

174

(1)

The Improtance of Parental Attention

174

(1)

A Specific Treatment Situation: Time-Out from Reinforcement

175

(1)

Improving Effectiveness

175

(1)

``Grounding''

176

(1)

Impacts of Common Life Events on Children

176

(6)

Membership in Family Systems

176

(1)

Membership in Sibling Subsystems

177

(1)

Gender Role Socialization

178

(1)

Ethnic and Cultural Differences in Families

179

(3)

The Social Environment: Peers, Television, and School

182

(7)

The Social Aspects of Play with Peers

182

(3)

The Influence of Television

185

(3)

The School Environment

188

(1)

Child Abuse and Neglect

189

(12)

Incidence and Demographics of Child Abuse and Neglect

190

(1)

Physical Child Abuse

190

(4)

Child Neglect

194

(3)

Sexual Abuse

197

(4)

Suggestions for Talking to Children Victimized by Sexual Assault

201

(1)

Summary

201

(2)

Ethnocentrism and Racism

203

(38)

A Perspective

204

(1)

Ethnic Groups and Ethnocentrism

204

(1)

Race and Racism

205

(2)

Violence Against Minorities in the United States

206

(1)

Aspects of Social and Economic Forces: Prejudice, Discrimination, and Oppression

207

(2)

Racial and Ethnic Streotypes

209

(1)

Racial and Ethnic Discrimination Is the Problem of Whites

209

(1)

White Privilege

210

(1)

Race Is a Social Concept

210

(1)

Institutional Values and Racism: Discrimination in Systems

211

(2)

Discrimination and Oppression in Organizational Macro Systems

211

(1)

Discrimination and Oppression in Community Macro Systems

212

(1)

Sources of Prejudice and Discrimination

213

(4)

Projection

213

(1)

Frustration-Aggression

213

(1)

Countering Insecurity and Inferiority

213

(1)

Authoritarianism

213

(1)

History

213

(1)

Competition and Exploitation

214

(1)

Socialization Patterns

214

(1)

Belief in the One True Religion

214

(1)

Evaluation of Discrimination Theories

214

(1)

Is Racial Discrimination Based on Criminal Thinking?

215

(2)

Impacts of Social and Economic Forces: The Effects and Costs of Discrimination and Oppression

217

(1)

The Effects of Discrimination on Human Growth and Development

218

(5)

History and Culture of African Americans

218

(3)

Effects of Discrimination on Development of Self-Concept

221

(1)

The Africentric Perspective and Worldview

221

(1)

Kwanzaa

222

(1)

Strategies to Promote Social and Economic Justice

223

(8)

Mass Media Appeals: Striving to Change Institutional Values

223

(1)

Greater Interaction Between Minority Groups and the Majority Group

224

(1)

Civil Rights Laws: Changing the Legal Macro System

224

(1)

Activism

224

(1)

Rosa Parks' Act of Courage Sparked the Civil Rights Movement

225

(1)

School Busing: A Community Initiative

225

(1)

Affirmative Action: A Macro System Response

226

(2)

Confronting Racist Remarks and Actions

228

(1)

Minority-Owned Businesses

228

(1)

Confronting Community Problems: Inner Cities

228

(2)

Grass-Roots Organizations: Implementing Change in Community Macro Systems

230

(1)

Social Work Practice with Racial and Ethnic Groups

231

(5)

Ethnic-Sensitive Practice

231

(2)

Learning the Culture of the Group

233

(1)

Self-Awareness of Values, Prejudices, and Stereotypes

234

(1)

Application to Theory to Practice: Techniques of Intervention

234

(1)

Social Work Roles to Counter Discrimination

235

(1)

The Future of American Race and Ethnic Relations

236

(1)

Summary

236

(5)

A Dream of the End of Racism

237

(4)

Part Two Adolescence and Young Adulthood

Biological Systems and Their Impacts on Adolescence and Young Adulthood

241

(35)

A Perspective

242

(1)

Adolescence

243

(1)

Puberty

243

(3)

The Growth Spurt

243

(1)

The Secular Trend

244

(1)

Primary and Secondary Sex Characteristics

244

(2)

Psychological Reactions to Physical Changes

246

(2)

Body Image and Self-Concept

246

(1)

Weight, Women, and Eating Disorders

246

(1)

Critical Thinking About Weight and Body Image

247

(1)

Early and Late Maturation in Boys

247

(1)

Early and Late Maturation in Girls

248

(1)

Young Adulthood

248

(7)

Physical Development

249

(1)

Health Status

249

(1)

Breast Cancer

250

(3)

Life-Style and Good Health

253

(2)

Significant Issues and Life Events

255

(20)

Sexual Activity in Adolescence

255

(1)

Masturbation

256

(1)

Unplanned Pregnancy in Adolescence

257

(1)

Teenage Fathers

258

(1)

Why Do Teens Get Pregnant?

258

(1)

Portrait of a Single Father

259

(1)

Sex Education

260

(2)

Focus on Diversity: Empowerment through Sex Education for Native Americans

262

(1)

Sex Education in the Age of AIDS

263

(1)

Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)

264

(3)

Major Methods of Contraception

267

(8)

Summary

275

(1)

Psychological Systems and Their Impacts on Adolescence and Young Adulthood

276

(30)

A Perspective

277

(1)

Identity Formation

277

(8)

Erickson's Psychosocial Theory

278

(1)

Erikson's Eight Stages of Development

279

(1)

Implications of Identity Formation in Adolescence

280

(1)

How to Determine Who You Are

281

(1)

Marcia's Categories of Identity

282

(1)

Critical Thinking: The Evaluation of Theory and Application to Client Situations

283

(1)

Race, Culture, Ethnicity, and Identity Development

283

(1)

Lesbian and Gay Adolescents

284

(1)

Moral Development

285

(4)

Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development

285

(1)

Kohlberg's Six Stages of Moral Development

286

(1)

Critical Thinking: Evaluation of Kohlberg's Theory

286

(1)

Moral Development and Women: Gilligan's Approach

287

(1)

Critical Thinking: Evaluation of Gilligan's Theory

288

(1)

Application of Theory to Client Situations

289

(1)

Empowerment Through Spiritual Development

289

(3)

Fowler's Theory of Faith Development

290

(1)

Spirituality and Social Work Practice

291

(1)

Significant Issues and Life Events: Suicide and Assertiveness

292

(1)

Suicide

292

(9)

Incidence of Suicide

292

(1)

Causes of Adolescent Suicide

293

(1)

Suicidal Symptoms

294

(1)

Joany---A Victim of Suicide

294

(1)

Suicide Notes

295

(1)

How to Use the Sad Persons Scale

296

(1)

The SAD Persons Scale

297

(1)

Focus On Diversity: Suicide and Adolescent Hispanic Females

297

(1)

Guidelines for Helping Suicidal People

298

(1)

Community Responses to Suicide: Prevention and Crisis Intervention

299

(2)

Empowerment through Assertiveness and Assertiveness Training

301

(4)

The Relevance of Assertiveness

301

(1)

Nanassertive, Assertive, and Aggressive Communication

302

(1)

Each of Us Has Certain Assertive Rights

302

(1)

The Advantages of Assertiveness

303

(1)

Assertiveness Training

304

(1)

Application of Assertiveness Approaches to Social Work Practice

305

(1)

Summary

305

(1)

Social Systems and Their Impacts on Adolescence and Young Adulthood

306

(50)

A Perspective

307

(1)

Social System Changes in Adolescence and Young Adulthood

308

(7)

Movement from Dependence to Independence

308

(1)

Interaction in Peer Group Systems

309

(1)

Interaction in Families: Effective Communication Between Parents and Children

310

(3)

An Educational Program for Ethnic Minority Adolescents That's Making a Difference

313

(1)

Intimacy versus Isolation

313

(2)

Empowerment of Homeless Youth

315

(1)

Interaction in Family Systems: Choosing a Personal Life-Style

315

(9)

Marriage

315

(1)

Theories about Why People Choose Each Other as Mates

316

(1)

Predictive Factors Leading to Marital Happiness/Unhappiness

317

(1)

Romantic Love versus Rational Love

318

(2)

Guidelines for Building and Maintaining a Happy Marriage

320

(1)

Cohabitation

320

(1)

Single Life

321

(1)

Parenthood

321

(1)

Parental Gender Preferences

322

(1)

Childless Couples

323

(1)

Social Problems

324

(20)

Eating Disorders

324

(5)

Emotional and Behavioral Problems

329

(2)

Major Mental Disorders According to the American Psychiatric Association

331

(1)

Format for Rational Self-Analysis

331

(5)

A Rational Self-Analysis of Emotions Associated with Ending a Marriage

336

(3)

Macro System Problems: Crime and Delinquency

339

(1)

Our Thinking Determines Our Behavior and Our Emotions

340

(1)

Macro System Problems: Delinquent Gangs

340

(1)

Self-Talk Explanation for Multiple Forgeries

341

(3)

Empowerment Through Social Work with Groups

344

(10)

Types of Groups

345

(3)

Models of Group Development Over Time

348

(2)

Task and Maintenance Roles

350

(1)

Leadership Theories

351

(3)

Summary

354

(2)

Gender Roles and Sexism

356

(41)

A Perspective

357

(1)

Gender Role Stereotypes

357

(4)

Childhood

358

(1)

Adolescence

359

(1)

Adulthood

360

(1)

Male/Female Differences

361

(1)

Ability Level

361

(1)

Communication Styles

362

(1)

People as Individuals

362

(1)

Significant Issues and Events in the Lives of Women

363

(1)

Comparable Worth and Economic Inequality

363

(3)

Sexual Harassment

366

(4)

The Definition of Sexual Harassment

366

(1)

Strengthening the Definition: A Macro System Response

367

(1)

Anita Hill Versus Clarence Thomas: A Case of Sexual Harassment?

368

(1)

The Extent of Sexual Harassment

369

(1)

Effects of Sexual Harassment

370

(1)

Sexist Language

370

(2)

Sexual Harassment Allegations Plague High Places

371

(1)

Rape and Sexual Assault

372

(12)

Confronting Sexual Harassment

373

(1)

Using Nonsexist Language

374

(1)

Incidence of Rape

374

(1)

Theoretical Views of Rape

375

(1)

Common Myths about Rape

376

(1)

Additional Facts about Rape

376

(1)

Suggestions for Rape Prevention

377

(1)

Profile of a Rapist

378

(2)

Survivors' Reactions to Rape

380

(1)

Suggestions for Counseling Rape Survivors

380

(2)

My Place''

382

(2)

Battered Women

384

(8)

The Abusive Perpetrator

385

(1)

The Battering Cycle

385

(1)

Revered American Hero and Spouse Batterer

386

(1)

O.J. Simpson

Why Does She Stay?

387

(1)

Community Responses to Battered Women: Their Alternatives

388

(1)

Prince Charming Redefined

389

(3)

Special Counseling Needs of Women

392

(1)

Working with Women

392

(2)

Strategies for Combating Sexism and Achieving Sexual Equality

393

(1)

Summary

394

(3)

Part Three Middle Adulthood

Biological Systems and Their Impacts on Middle Adulthood

397

(29)

A Perspective

398

(1)

The Age Span of Middle Adulthood

398

(1)

Physical Changes in Middle Age

398

(4)

Changes in Physical Functioning

398

(1)

Health Changes

398

(1)

Changes in Physical Appearance

399

(1)

The Double Standard of Aging

399

(1)

Changes in Sense Organs

400

(1)

Changes in Physical Strength and Reaction Time

400

(1)

Changes in Intellectual Functioning

400

(1)

An Identity Crisis: When the Applause Stops

401

(1)

Female Menopause

402

(3)

Cultural Differences in Women's Experience of Menopause

403

(1)

Osteoporosis

404

(1)

Male Climateric

405

(1)

Midlife Crisis: True or False?

406

(1)

Sexual Functioning in Middle Age

407

(3)

Sex in Marriage

407

(1)

Extramarital Sexual Relationships

408

(1)

Sex Following Divorce

409

(1)

Sex in Widowhood

409

(1)

Sex among the Never-Married

409

(1)

Celibacy

410

(1)

People Living with AIDS: A Population-at-Risk

410

(15)

What Causes AIDS?

410

(1)

How Is AIDS Contracted?

411

(1)

Magic Johnson, an American hero, Joins the Battle Against the AIDS Virus

411

(2)

Diagnosis

413

(1)

Origin of AIDS

413

(1)

The Effects of HIV

414

(1)

Treatment and Prevention of AIDS

415

(1)

Impacts of Social and Economic Forces: AIDS Discrimination and Oppression

416

(1)

Professional Values and AIDS

416

(1)

When a Friend Has AIDS

417

(1)

Ethical Dilemmas: Confidentiality

418

(2)

Ethical Dilemmas: HIV Testing

420

(1)

Macro System Responses to AIDS

420

(2)

Social Work Roles: Helping Persons Living with AIDS

422

(2)

Persons Living with AIDS

424

(1)

Summary

425

(1)

Psychological Systems and Their Impacts on Middle Adulthood

426

(47)

A Perspective

427

(1)

Generativity versus Stagnation

428

(1)

Peck's Theories of Psychological Development

428

(1)

Levinson's Theories of Life Structure, Life Eras, and Transitions for Men

429

(3)

Application of Levinson's Theories to Women: An Evaluation

431

(1)

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

432

(1)

Game Analysis and Script Analysis

433

(5)

Game Analysis

433

(2)

Life Scripts

435

(3)

Mezzo System Interactions: Nonverbal Communication

438

(9)

The Functions of Nonverbal Communication

439

(1)

Posture

440

(1)

Body Orientation

440

(1)

Gestures

440

(1)

Nonverbal Behavior among Poker Players

441

(1)

Touching

441

(1)

Clothing

442

(1)

Personal Space

442

(1)

Territoriality

443

(1)

Facial Expressions

444

(1)

Voice

444

(1)

Physical Appearance

445

(1)

The Environment

446

(1)

Control Theory

447

(1)

Intuition

448

(1)

Chemical Substance Use and Abuse

449

(22)

Specific Drugs---What They Are and What They Do

450

(1)

Drugs of Abuse: Facts and Effects

451

(4)

Date-Rape Drug

455

(3)

Crack Babies

458

(5)

Dependence on Alcohol and Other Drugs

463

(2)

Interaction in Family Systems: A Theoretical Approach to Drug Abuse

465

(1)

Application of Theory to Client Situations: Treatment for the Chemically Dependent Person and His or Her Family

465

(3)

An AA Meeting

468

(2)

Understanding and Treating Codependency

470

(1)

The Relationship Between Knowledge and Assessment

470

(1)

Working with Alcoholic Clients: The Problem of Denial

471

(1)

Summary

471

(2)

Social Systems and Their Impacts on Middle Adulthood

473

(51)

A Perspective

474

(1)

Macro Social System Theories

474

(4)

The Functionalist Perspective

475

(1)

The Conflict Perspective

476

(1)

The Interactionist Perspective

477

(1)

Poverty: Impacts of Social and Economic Forces

478

(8)

The Rich and the Poor

478

(1)

Personal Income Disparities Are Astounding

479

(1)

The Problem

480

(1)

The Ideology of Individualism

481

(1)

Who Are the Poor?

481

(1)

Poverty Perpetuates Poverty

482

(1)

What Causes Poverty?

482

(1)

The Culture of Poverty: Evaluation of Theory and Its Application to Client Situations

482

(2)

Poverty Is Functional

484

(1)

Application of Functionalism to Poverty

484

(1)

Application of Conflict Theory to Poverty

485

(1)

Application of Interactionist Theory to Poverty

486

(1)

Family Mezzo System Problems

486

(17)

Empty-Shell Marriages

486

(1)

Conflict Resolution Strategies

487

(3)

Divorce

490

(2)

Analyzing Love Relationships

492

(2)

Facts about Divorce

494

(3)

The Effects of a Divorce on Children Depend on What Happens after the Divorce

497

(2)

Single-Parent Families

499

(1)

Blended Families

499

(3)

Mothers Working Outside the Home

502

(1)

The ``Sandwich'' Generation

503

(1)

Assessing and Intervening in Family Systems

503

(10)

Verbal and Nonverbal Communication

503

(1)

Family Norms

504

(1)

Family System Assessment: The Eco-Map

505

(2)

Family System Assessment: The Genogram

507

(4)

Family Problems and Social Work Roles

511

(2)

Social Work with Organizations

513

(6)

Analyzing a Human Services Organization

514

(1)

The Autocratic Model

514

(1)

The Custodial Model

515

(1)

The Scientific Management Model

515

(1)

The Human Relations Model

516

(1)

Theory X and Theory Y

517

(1)

The Collegial Model

517

(1)

Theory Z

517

(1)

Total Quality Management

518

(1)

Summary Comments About Models of Organizational Behavior

519

(1)

Value-Orientations in Organizational Decision Making

519

(1)

Liberal, Conservative, and Developmental Perspectives on Human Service Organizations

520

(3)

Conservative Perspective

520

(1)

Liberal Perspective

521

(1)

Developmental Perspective

522

(1)

Summary

523

(1)

Sexual Orientation

524

(29)

A Perspective

526

(1)

Homosexuality and Bisexuality

526

(5)

What Does Being a Homosexual Mean?

527

(1)

Stereotypes about Gay and Lesbian People

528

(2)

Definition of Bisexual

530

(1)

Numbers of Lesbian and Gay People

530

(1)

Why Are Some People Lesbian or Gay?

531

(3)

Biological Theories

531

(2)

Psychosocial Theories

533

(1)

The Evaluation of Theory: What Is the Answer?

533

(1)

Interactionist Theory

533

(1)

Ethical Issues Related to Theory

533

(1)

Other Research on the Origins of Homosexuality

534

(1)

Discrimination: The Impacts of Homophobia

534

(2)

Lesbian and Gay Lifestyles

536

(2)

Lesbian and Gay Relationships

536

(1)

Sexual Interaction

537

(1)

Gay and Lesbian Pride and a Sense of Community

537

(1)

Significant Issues and Life Events

538

(12)

The Impacts of Social and Economic Forces: Legal Issues

538

(3)

Community Responses: Violence Against Lesbian and Gay People

541

(1)

Coming Out

542

(3)

Cheryl's Exploration of Her Self-Identity and Sexual Orientation

545

(1)

Lesbian and Gay Parents

546

(2)

As Lesbians and Gay Men Age

548

(1)

Gay and Lesbian People and AIDS

549

(1)

Social Work with Lesbian and Gay People: Promoting Optimal Well-Being

549

(1)

Summary

550

(3)

Part Four Later Adulthood

Biological Systems and Their Impacts on Later Adulthood

553

(26)

A Perspective

555

(1)

What Is Later Adulthood?

556

(10)

Senescence

556

(1)

Internationally Noted Individuals Document Age Need Not be a Barrier to being Productive

557

(3)

Values and Aging: The Myth of Senility

560

(4)

What Causes Aging?

564

(1)

Factors That Influence the Aging Process

565

(1)

Health Practices and Longevity

566

(1)

Diseases and Causes of Death of the Elderly

566

(1)

Leading Causes of Death among the Elderly

567

(1)

Life Expectancy

567

(3)

Alzheimer's Disease

568

(2)

Wellness: The Impacts of Different Systems on Health

570

(8)

Physical Exercise

570

(1)

Mental Activity

571

(1)

Sleep Patterns

571

(1)

Nutrition and Diet

572

(1)

Stress and Stress Management

572

(2)

Conceptualizing Stressors, Stress, and Stress-Related Illnesses

574

(4)

Summary

578

(1)

Psychological Systems and Their Impacts on Later Adulthood

579

(26)

A Perspective

580

(1)

Developmental Tasks of Later Adulthood

581

(2)

Theoretical Concepts about Developmental Tasks in Later Adulthood

583

(4)

Integrity versus Despair

583

(1)

Three Key Psychological Adjustments

583

(1)

Life Review

584

(1)

Self-Esteem

584

(1)

Life Satisfaction

585

(1)

Low Status and Ageism

585

(1)

Depression and Other Emotional Problems

585

(1)

Triple Jeopardy: Being Female, African American, and Old

586

(1)

Spirituality and Religion

587

(1)

Theories of Successful Aging

587

(5)

Activity Theory

587

(1)

Spirituality and Religion

588

(3)

Disengagement Theory

591

(1)

Social Reconstruction Syndrome Theory

592

(1)

The Impact of Life Events on the Elderly

592

(4)

Marriage

592

(1)

Death of Spouse

593

(1)

Widowhood

593

(1)

Never Married

594

(1)

Remarriage

594

(1)

Family System Relationships

594

(1)

Grandparenthood

595

(1)

Guidelines for Positive Psychological Preparation for Later Adulthood

596

(1)

Grief Management and Death Education

597

(6)

Death in Our Society: The Impact of Social Forces

597

(1)

The Grieving Process

598

(1)

The Kubler-Ross Model

598

(1)

The Westberg Model

598

(2)

Application of Grief Management Theory to Client Situations

600

(1)

How to Relate to a Dying Person

601

(1)

How to Relate to Survivors

601

(1)

Questions about Grief, Death, and Dying

602

(1)

How to Become Comfortable with Your Own Eventual Death

603

(1)

Summary

603

(2)

Life After Life

604

(1)

Social Systems and Their Impacts on Later Adulthood

605

A Perspective

607

(1)

The Elderly: A Population-at-Risk

607

(1)

Problems Faced by the Elderly

608

(10)

Emphasis on Youth: The Impacts of Social and Economic Forces

608

(1)

The Increasing Elderly Population

608

(1)

High Status for the Elderly in China, Japan, and Other Countries

609

(1)

The Fastest Growing Age Group Is the Old-Old

610

(1)

Early Retirement: The Impacts of Social and Economic Forces

610

(2)

Financial Problems of the Elderly

612

(1)

The Social Security System

613

(1)

Death

613

(1)

Critical Thinking about an Ethical Issue: Should Assisted Suicide Be Legalized?

614

(1)

Elder Abuse

615

(1)

Where the Elderly Live

616

(1)

Transportation

616

(1)

Crime Victimization

616

(1)

Malnutrition

616

(1)

Health Problems and Cost of Care

616

(1)

Cultural Differences in Seeking Health Care: The Case of Elderly Mexican Americans

617

(1)

Current Services: Macro System Responses

618

(6)

Older Americans Act of 1965

618

(1)

Old Age, Survivors, Disability, and Health Insurance (OASDHI)

618

(1)

Supplemental Security Income (SSI)

619

(1)

Medicare

619

(1)

Medicaid

619

(1)

Food Stamps

620

(1)

Adult Protective Services

620

(1)

Additional Programs

620

(1)

Adult Protective Services

621

(1)

Nursing Homes

622

(1)

Community Options Program: Providing Alternatives to Nursing Home Placement

623

(1)

Social Work with the Elderly

624

(1)

The Elderly Are a Powerful Political Force

625

(1)

Changing a Macro System: Finding a Social Role for the Elderly

626

(1)

Summary

627

Bibliography

A-1

(1)

Name Index

B-1

(1)

Subject Index

C-1

(1)

Photo Credits

D-1

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Understanding Human Behavior and the Social Environment With Infotrac

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials