- ISBN: 9780205753079 | 0205753078
- Cover: Paperback
- Copyright: 10/6/2009
This chronologically organized text has an applied focus and is intentionally selective in the topics it includes so that the full text can be managed within one semester. It assumes no prior psychology exposure, making it perfect for students of nursing, social work, and education in addition to psychology, but it does not attempt to address in depth those issues covered extensively in Introductory Psychology courses. Rather, the text reflects the field of Human Development in its current state, with emphasis on developmental processes and their explanations. The research base of the text is current and solid, and the book emphasizes depth of content over research process.
BRIEF CONTENTS
Preface
Chapter 1 Introduction to Human Development
Chapter 2 Heredity and Environment
Chapter 3 Prenatal Development and Childbirth
Chapter 4 Infancy and Toddlerhood: Physical, Cognitive, and Language Development
Chapter 5 Infancy and Toddlerhood: Personality and Sociocultural Development
Chapter 6 Early Childhood: Physical, Cognitive, and Language Development
Chapter 7 Early Childhood: Personality and Sociocultural Development
Chapter 8 Middle Childhood: Physical and Cognitive Development
Chapter 9 Middle Childhood: Personality and Sociocultural Development
Chapter 10 Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: Physical and Cognitive Development
Chapter 11 Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: Personality and Sociocultural Development
Chapter 12 Young Adulthood: Physical and Cognitive Development
Chapter 13 Young Adulthood: Personality and Sociocultural Development
Chapter 14 Middle Adulthood: Physical and Cognitive Development
Chapter 15 Middle Adulthood: Personality and Sociocultural Development
Chapter 16 Older Adulthood: Physical and Cognitive Development
Chapter 17 Older Adulthood: Personality and Sociocultural Development
Chapter 18 Death and Dying
Answers to Review the Facts
Glossary
Bibliography
Photo Credits
Name Index
Subject Index
DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 1:
Introduction to Human Development, 1
Introduction to Development, 2
Lifespan Development, 2
Guiding Themes in Human Development, 4
The Nature of Human Development, 4
Biology and Environment, 4
The Sociocultural Context, 5
Try This!: Exploring Attitudes About Child Rearing, 6
Changing Perspectives: Children and War, 7
The Domains of Human Development, 8
Theoretical Frameworks for Human Development, 9
The Role of Theory, 9
Biological Views of Human Development, 10
Psychodynamic Views of Human Development, 11
Behavioral Views of Human Development, 14
Cognitive Views of Human Development, 16
Integrating Theoretical Approaches, 18
The Scientific Approach to the Study of Human Development, 20
Descriptive Methods, 21
Studying Development Across Time, 23
Current Issues: Fragile Families and Child Well-Being, 24
Correlation as a Descriptive Tool, 25
Experimental Approaches: The Study of Cause and Effect, 26
Summary of Research Methods, 27
Ethics in Developmental Research, 28
Development in Context, 30
Chapter Summary, 30
Key Terms, 32
Chapter 2:
Heredity and Environment, 33
Molecular Genetics, 34
Human Cells, 34
DNA, 35
Genes, 36
Protein Synthesis, 37
Genes, Chromosomes, and Cell Division, 37
Cell Division and Reproduction, 37
From Genotype to Phenotype, 38
The Variation of Traits Among Individuals, 40
Genetic and Chromosomal Disorders, 41
Sex-Linked Disorders, 42
Autosomal Disorders, 43
Genetic Counseling, 45
Advances in Genetic Research and Treatment, 45
Behavior Genetics, 46
Changing Perspectives: Genetic Engineering and Cloning, 47
Adoption Studies, 47
Twin Studies, 48
Try This!: Exploring the Basis of Personality, 49
Environmental Influences and Contexts, 49
Basic Processes That Affect Behavior, 49
Conditioning, Behavior Modification, and Life, 51
Social Learning and the Evolving Self-Concept, 52
Environment in a Broader Context: Family and Culture, 52
Family Systems, 52
The Family as Transmitter of Culture, 53
Current Issues: The New Baby and the Extended Family System, 54
Sociocultural Influences on Development Across the Lifespan, 54
Chapter Summary, 57
Key Terms, 59
Chapter 3:
Prenatal Development and Childbirth, 60
Prenatal Growth and Development, 61
Trimesters and Periods, 61
Conception and the Germinal Period, 61
The Embryonic Period, 63
The Fetal Period, 64
Developmental Trends, 67
Prenatal Environmental Influences, 67
Maternal Age, 67
Maternal Health and Nutrition, 68
Prenatal Health Care, 68
Critical Periods in Prenatal Development, 69
Teratogens and Their Effects, 70
Childbirth, 75
Stages of Childbirth, 75
Changing Perspectives: Nurse—Family Partnerships: An Early Intervention Program That Works, 76
Approaches to Childbirth, 76
Try This!: Birthing Practices: Yesterday and Today, 78
Advances in Technology, 78
Complications in Childbirth, 80
The Evolving Family, 82
The Transition to Parenthood, 82
Current Issues: Kangaroo Care for Low-Birth-Weight Infants: An Experimental Approach Being Tried in Countries Around the World, 83
The Arrival of the Neonate, 84
Chapter Summary, 87
Key Terms, 89
Chapter 4:
Infancy and Toddlerhood: Physical, Cognitive, and Language Development, 90
The Developing Brain, 91
The Neonatal Period, 92
States of Arousal, 93
Learning and Habituation, 93
Neonatal Assessment, 94
Physical and Motor Development, 95
Cultural Influences on Maturation, 95
An Overview of Physical and Motor Development: The First 2 Years, 95
Changing Perspectives: Sudden Infant Death Syndrome and Shaken Baby Syndrome, 98
Nutrition and Malnutrition, 99
Try This!: Attitudes About Breastfeeding, 103
Sensory and Perceptual Development, 103
Vision and Visual Perception, 103
Hearing and Auditory Perception, 106
Taste, Smell, and Touch, 106
Sensory Integration, 106
Cognitive Development, 107
Perceptual Organization and Categories, 107
Piaget’s Concept of Schemes, 107
The Sensorimotor Period, 108
Evaluating Piaget’s View, 110
Language Development, 111
The Structure and Function of Language, 111
Language Development in the First Year, 112
Words and Sentences, 113
The Language Explosion, 114
Telegraphic Speech and Early Grammar, 114
Theories of Language Development, 114
Current Issues: Cats, Horses and Tight Fits–Is Language Involved in Category Formation?, 116
Cultural Aspects of Language Development, 116
Chapter Summary, 117
Key Terms, 119
Chapter 5:
Infancy and Toddlerhood: Personality and Sociocultural Development, 120
The Foundations of Personality and Social Development, 121
Emotional Development, 121
Temperament, 122
The Development of Trust, 124
Feeding and Comforting, 124
Attachment, 125
The Role of Culture in Attachment, 125
Studying Infant and Toddler Attachment, 126
Try This!: Replicating the Strange Situation, 127
The Effects of Attachment, 127
Explaining Attachment, 128
The Relationship Between Attachment and Trust, 130
Separating from the Caregiver, 130
Social Referencing and Culture, 131
The Development of Autonomy, 131
The Development of Prosocial Behavior, 132
The Development of the Self, 133
Attachment and Separation, 133
The Family System: A Broader Context, 134
Fathers, 134
Changing Perspectives: Fatherhood in the Changing American Family–What Matters?, 135
Other Family Members as Caregivers, 136
The Social Ecology of Child Care, 137
Current Issues: Infant and Toddler Child Care, 138
Infants and Toddlers With Special Needs, 139
Infants and Toddlers With Visual Impairments, 140
Infants and Toddlers With Hearing Impairments, 140
Infants and Toddlers With Severe Disabilities, 141
When Parenting Goes Awry: Abuse and Neglect, 141
Chapter Summary, 143
Key Terms, 145
Chapter 6:
Early Childhood: Physical, Cognitive, and Language Development, 146
Physical Development, 147
Changes in the Body, 147
Brain Development, 148
Human Development: An Interactive and Individual Approach, 150
Motor Skills Development, 150
Gross Motor Skills, 150
Fine Motor Skills, 151
Learning and Motor Skills, 152
Cognitive Development, 153
An Overview of Preoperational Thinking, 153
Preoperational Substages and Thought, 154
Current Issues: A Theory of Mind, 155
Limitations of Preoperational Thinking, 156
Conservation, 157
Evaluating Piaget’s Theory, 158
Beyond Piaget: Social Perspectives, 158
The Role of Memory, 159
Language Development, 161
Words and Concepts, 161
Expanding Grammar, 161
Mastering the Subtleties of Speech, 162
The Influence of Parents’ Language Use, 163
Multicultural Aspects of Language Development, 164
Play and Learning, 165
Play and Cognitive Development, 165
Changing Perspectives: Bilingual Kindergarten and Play, 166
Try This!: Watching Young Children Play, 168
Chapter Summary, 169
Key Terms, 170
Chapter 7:
Early Childhood: Personality and Sociocultural Development, 171
Coping with Feelings and Emotions, 173
Fear and Anxiety, 173
Emotional Regulation, 175
Aggression and Prosocial Behavior, 177
Aggression, 177
Changing Perspectives: Electronic Media: Is It Changing the Way That Children Grow Up?, 179
Prosocial Behavior, 180
Try This!: A Child’s Choice in Media Programming, 181
Developmental Conflicts, 182
Initiative Versus Guilt, 182
Peers, Play, and the Development of Social Competence, 183
The Role of Imaginary Companions, 183
Cultural Variations in Play, 184
Social Competence and the Development of Social Skills, 185
Current Issues: One Pathway to Social Competence, 186
Understanding Self and Others, 186
Social Concepts and Rules, 186
Self-Concept, 187
Self and Gender, 188
Family Dynamics, 191
Parenting Styles, 191
Discipline and Self-Control, 193
Sibling Dynamics, 194
Child Maltreatment: Abuse and Neglect, 195
Chapter Summary, 198
Key Terms, 201
Chapter 8:
Middle Childhood: Physical and Cognitive Development, 202
Physical and Motor Development, 203
Physical Growth and Change, 203
Internal Changes, 204
Motor Skills Development, 204
Health, Fitness, and Accidents, 205
Current Issues: Obesity in Childhood–An Outcome of Our Changing Lifestyle?, 208
Cognitive Development, 210
Piaget and Concrete Operational Thinking, 210
Memory and Metacognition, 212
Language and Literacy Development, 213
Individual Differences in Intelligence, 214
Try This!: Exploring Your Concept of Intelligence, 217
Learning and Thinking in School, 218
New Demands and Expectations, 218
Developing Competent Learners and Critical Thinkers, 219
Success in School, 220
Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 222
Intellectual Disabilities, 223
Learning Disorders, 224
Changing Perspectives: Early Experience–Do Adverse Environments Cause Permanent Effects?, 225
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, 227
Chapter Summary, 228
Key Terms, 230
Chapter 9:
Middle Childhood: Personality and Sociocultural Development, 231
Personality Development in an Expanding Social World, 232
Three Perspectives on Middle Childhood, 232
Self-Concept, 233
Industry Versus Inferiority, 233
Self-Esteem, 233
Social Knowledge and Reasoning, 234
The Development of Social Cognition, 235
The Development of Morality, 235
Peer Relationships, 238
Functions of Friendship, 238
Developmental Patterns in Friendship, 239
Peer Groups, 240
Current Issues: Friends and Enemies, Bullies and Victims–The Social Life of School, 241
In-Groups, Out-Groups, and Prejudice, 242
Family Influences in Middle Childhood, 245
Parent—Child Interactions and Relationships, 245
The Changing Nature of the Family, 246
Changing Perspectives: Families Coping in Difficult Circumstances, 249
Try This!: The Impact of Divorce on Children, 250
Chapter Summary, 251
Key Terms, 253
Chapter 10:
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: Physical and Cognitive Development, 254
Adolescent Development in a Cultural and Historical Context, 255
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood in the United States Today, 256
Physical Development and Adaptation, 258
Physical Growth and Change, 258
Puberty, 259
Current Issues: Diet and Exercise–Building a Healthy Lifestyle or an Eating Disorder?, 260
Body Image and Adjustment, 262
Gender Identity and Sexual Practices, 264
Six Decades of Changes in Sexual Practices, 264
Factors That Influence Early Sexual Relationships, 265
Consequences of Adolescent Sexual Behavior, 266
Cognitive Changes in Adolescence, 268
Brain Development in Adolescence, 268
Try This!: Exploring the Effects of Early Parenting, 269
Piaget’s Period of Formal Operations, 270
The Scope and Content of Adolescent Thought, 272
Changing Perspectives: How Adolescents Around the World Spend Their Time, 273
Chapter Summary, 276
Key Terms, 278
Chapter 11:
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: Personality and Sociocultural Development, 279
Developmental Tasks of Adolescence, 281
Achieving Autonomy, 281
Forming an Identity, 282
Identity Formation, Culture, and Context, 284
Current Issues: Ethnic Identity–A Key Component of Self-Definition, 285
Family Dynamics, 286
Intergenerational Communication, 286
Changing Perspectives: Family Obligation and Assistance During Adolescence, 288
Peer Relationships During Adolescence, 289
Social Comparison, 289
Cliques and Crowds, 290
Dating, 291
Peers and Parents: A Clash of Cultures, 291
Risk and Resilience in Adolescence, 292
Risk Taking, 292
The Use of Tobacco, Alcohol, Marijuana, and Other Drugs, 293
Delinquency, 296
Sexual Abuse of Adolescents, 296
Stress, Depression, and Coping, 298
Depression, 298
Risk Factors for Psychological Problems, 300
Try This!: Taking a Look at Adolescent Depression, 301
Protective Factors and Coping Responses, 302
Chapter Summary, 303
Key Terms, 305
Chapter 12:
Young Adulthood: Physical and Cognitive Development, 306
Perspectives on Adult Development, 308
Age Clocks and Social Norms, 308
Contextual Paradigms, 309
General Physical Development, 309
Strength and Stamina, 309
Changing Perspectives: History, Culture, and the Information Age, 310
Fitness and Health, 311
Current Issues: The Changing Face of HIV/AIDS, 314
Sex and Sexuality, 315
Fertility, 315
Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 315
Sexual Attitudes and Behavior, 316
Sexual Identity and Sexual Orientation, 317
Cognitive Development in Adulthood, 320
Beyond Formal Operations, 320
Postformal Thought, 321
Try This!: Exploring Postformal Thought, 322
Emotional Intelligence, 322
Schaie’s Stages of Adult Thinking, 323
Frameworks for Understanding Adult Development, 324
Stages and Contexts, 324
Havighurst’s Developmental Tasks, 325
Erikson’s Theory of Development, 325
Levinson’s Seasons of a Man’s Life, 325
The Limitations of Normative Models, 327
Gould’s Transformations in Early Adulthood, 327
A Closing Comment, 328
Chapter Summary, 329
Key Terms, 331
Chapter 13:
Young Adulthood: Personality and Sociocultural Development, 332
Self, Family, and Work, 333
The Personal Self, 333
Self as Family Member, 335
Self as Worker, 335
Forming Close Relationships, 336
Adult Friendships, 337
Couple Formation and Development, 337
Marriage, 338
Cohabitation, 339
Gay and Lesbian Couples, 339
Staying Single, 340
Changing Perspectives: Living Together or Living Alone, 341
The Family Life Cycle and Adult Development, 342
The Family Life Cycle, 342
The Transition to Parenthood, 342
Coping with Children’s Developmental Stages, 344
Single Parenthood, 345
The Occupational Cycle, 347
Stages of Occupational Life, 347
Gaining a Place in the Workforce, 348
Careers and Career Choices, 348
Occupational Choice and Preparation, 349
Gender and Ethnicity, 350
Work and Gender, 351
Changes in Women’s Work Patterns, 351
The Many Meanings of Work, 351
Try This!: Exploring the Type of Career Best Matched to You, 352
The Role of Women in Careers, 352
The Dynamics of Dual-Earner Couples, 353
Current Issues: Juggling Work and Family Roles–The Special Challenge for Low-Income, Dual-Career Couples, 354
Chapter Summary, 356
Key Terms, 358
Chapter 14:
Middle Adulthood: Physical and Cognitive Development, 359
Development in Middle Adulthood, 360
Prime Time or the Beginning of the End?, 360
Midlife Crisis: Is It Real?, 361
Perceptions and Realities at Midlife, 362
Try This!: Just What Is Middle Age?, 363
Physical Continuity and Change, 363
Changes in Capabilities, 364
The Climacteric, 365
Sexuality in the Middle Years, 367
Disease and Health, 368
The Cumulative Effects of Health Habits, 370
Stress and Health, 371
Ethnicity, Poverty, and Health, 372
Current Issues: Health and Social Issues–Why Are Some Groups at Risk?, 373
Cognitive Continuity and Change, 374
Fluid Versus Crystallized Intelligence, 374
Experience and Expertise, 376
Changing Perspectives: Retraining for Today’s Technological Jobs, 377
Cognitive Skills in the Workplace, 377
Chapter Summary, 379
Key Terms, 380
Chapter 15:
Middle Adulthood: Personality and Sociocultural Development, 381
Personality Continuity and Change, 383
The Tasks of Middle Adulthood, 383
Personal Reactions to Middle Adulthood, 384
Family and Friends: Interpersonal Contexts, 386
The Generation That Runs Things, 386
Relationships with Adult Children, 386
Current Issues: Studying Generativity in African American and White U.S. Families, 387
Relationships with Aging Parents, 388
Becoming a Grandparent, 390
Try This!: What Makes a Great Grandparent?, 391
Friendship: A Lifelong Perspective, 391
The Changing Family, 392
Marriage, Divorce, and Remarriage, 392
Blended Families, 395
Changing Perspectives: Blended Families–Themes and Variations, 396
Occupational Continuity and Change, 397
Job Change and Stress, 398
Continuity and Change in the Structure of Personality, 400
The Five-Factor Model, 400
Stability or Change?, 401
Chapter Summary, 402
Key Terms, 404
Chapter 16:
Older Adulthood: Physical and Cognitive Development, 405
Aging Today, 406
Ageism and Stereotypes, 406
Four Decades of Later Life, 408
The Physical Aspects of Aging, 410
The Changing Body, 411
Health, Disease, and Nutrition, 414
Changing Perspectives: Diabetes–Will Type 2 Diabetes Be the New Lifestyle Disease Epidemic?, 416
The Causes of Aging, 419
Theories of Aging, 419
Cognitive Changes in Advanced Age, 420
Understanding Various Aspects of Cognition, 420
Cognitive Decline, 424
Current Issues: Wisdom–Cross-Cultural or Culture Specific?, 425
Try This!: Exploring Alzheimer’s Disease, 428
Compensating for an Aging Mind, 429
Chapter Summary, 430
Key Terms, 432
Chapter 17:
Older Adulthood: Personality and Sociocultural Development, 433
Personality and Aging, 434
Developmental Tasks in Older Adulthood, 434
Emotional Development in Older Adulthood, 436
Continuity and Change in Older Adulthood, 436
Current Issues: Psychological Well-Being in Later Adulthood, 438
Successful Aging, 439
Retirement: A Major Change in Status, 440
Adjusting to Retirement, 441
Retirement Options, 442
Family and Friends: Interpersonal Contexts, 444
When Parenting Is Over, 444
Try This!: Exploring the Dimensions of Grandparenting, 445
Caring for an Ill Spouse, 445
Widows and Widowers, 446
U.S. Social Policy and Older Adulthood, 448
The Demographics of Aging, 448
Lifestyle Options for Older Adults, 450
Changing Perspectives: Assisted Living–The In-Between Choice for Frail, Older Adults, 452
Goals for the Care of Older Adults, 452
Chapter Summary, 454
Key Terms, 455
Chapter 18:
Death and Dying, 456
Thoughts and Fears of Death, 457
Denial of Death, 457
Reactions to Death, 458
Managing the Anxiety Associated with One’s Own Death, 459
Current Issues: Searching for Meaning in Natural Disasters, Accidents, Terrorism, and Personal Tragedies, 459
Confronting One’s Own Death, 460
Death as the Final Developmental Task, 461
Stages of Adjustment, 461
Coping with Terminal Illness, 462
Alternative Trajectories, 462
The Search for a Humane Death, 464
Hospice, 464
Try This!: Exploring the Dimensions of Hospice Care, 465
The Right to Die, 465
Grief and Bereavement, 469
Grieving, 469
Bereavement in Cross-Cultural Perspective, 471
Rituals and Customs, 471
The Death of a Child, 472
Grieving When a Child Dies, 472
Changing Perspectives: Humane End-of-Life Care for Children Who Are Dying and for Their Families, 473
Completing the Life Cycle, 474
Chapter Summary, 475
Key Terms, 476
Answers to Review the Facts, 477
Glossary, 485
References, 495
Photo Credits, 545
Name Index, 547
Subject Index, 561
ABOUT THIS TITLE - DESCRIPTION
For undergraduate courses in Lifespan Development, Human Development An interdisciplinary approach with an emphasis on culture and family using an interdisciplinary approach which emphasizes culture and family, Understanding Human Development challenges students to understand development from a broader perspective. Students draw on their own experiences as they weigh the research and ideas presented in the text.
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