Western Civilization: Annual Edition

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ISBN: 9780072425802 | 0072425806
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 9/18/2000

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This FOURTEENTH EDITION of ANNUAL EDITIONS: WESTERN CIVILIZATION, VOLUME 1 provides convenient, inexpensive access to current articles selected from the best of the public press. Organizational features include: an annotated listing of selected World Wide Web sites; an annotated table of contents; a topic guide; a general introduction; brief overviews for each section; a topical index; and an instructor's resource guide with testing materials. USING ANNUAL EDITIONS IN THE CLASSROOM is offered as a practical guide for instructors. ANNUAL EDITIONS titles are supported by our student website, www.mhcls.com/online.

To the Reader

Topic Guide

(2)

Selected World Wide Web Sites

(2)

UNIT 1 The Age of Power

Overview

(2)

The Emergence of the Great Powers

(6)

Gordon A. Craig

Alexander L. George

In 1600, Europe's greatest power complex was the Holy Roman Empire, which was in league with Spain. By the eighteenth century, however, the European state system was transformed so drastically that the great powers were Great Britain, France, Austria, Prussia, and Russia. This essay traces this significant shift in the balance of power

London and the Modern Monarchy

(5)

Penelope Corfield

How did the English monarchy change from the Restoration in 1660, and what has been the relationship of Londoners and the crown up to the present century? Penelope Corfield answers these questions in this selection

A Golden Age: Innovation in Dutch Cities, 1648-1720

(5)

Jonathan Israel

During the seventeenth century, says Jonathan Israel, ``the Dutch Republic was economically and culturally the most dynamic and flourishing country in Europe.'' This essay explains why other countries, devastated by the Thirty Years' War, took Dutch cities for their model when they prepared to renovate or reconstruct their cities

A Taste of Empire, 1600-1800

(4)

James Walvin

Early-modern imperialism fostered widespread European consumption of tropical exotica and transformed the Old World's social rituals. James Walvin recounts how Britons took to tea, sugar, and tobacco, and explains the social and cultural impact made by these imports

``Thus in the Beginning All the World Was America,''

(6)

Edward Cline

John Locke's influence in both England and colonial America is detailed by Edward Cline. Locke's essays contained ideas on constitutional government and laid the groundwork for the separation of state and religion

Brazil's African Legacy

(6)

John Geipel

In the early-modern period, a new phase of civilization was composed of European, American, and African elements. Central to this new system was Europe's demand for American commodities, especially sugar, that in turn triggered demand in the Western Hemisphere for African slave labor. These developments had profound consequences, not least of which was the creation of a new kind of culture, exemplified by African influences in the New World

UNIT 2 Rationalism, Enlightenment, and Revolution

Overview

(2)

Descartes the Dreamer

(7)

Anthony Grafton

Descartes advanced, even epitomized, rationalism. Anthony Grafton explains why this seventeenth-century thinker seems modern three and one-half centuries after his death

A New Light on Alchemy

(6)

Zbigniew Szydlo

Richard Brzezinski

Were the earliest alchemists complete charlatans or the forerunners of modern chemistry? The authors state that the alchemists' goals were to find the Philosopher's Stone, a mysterious substance through which gold traveled to Earth's surface. They also searched for a universal solvent (alkabest), which could dissolve all substances, and an elixir of life, which would cure all diseases. These researches eventually led to useful experiments by such chemists as Robert Boyle, Joseph Priestly, and Antoine Lavoisier

Declaring an Open Season on the Wisdom of the Ages

(7)

Robert Wernick

Robert Wernick describes how jean d'Alembert and Denis Diderot used their Encyclopedia to advance the Enlightenment

Witchcraft: The Spell That Didn't Break

(5)

Owen Davies

Although the Enlightenment was supposed to eliminate all superstition, Owen Davies reports that many still believed in witches well into the nineteenth century. Illnesses, famines, jealousy, and gossip still provided sources of accusations

Blacks in the Gordon Riots

(3)

Marika Sherwood

Why did black men and women join the anti-Catholic protests that rocked London in 1780? Marika Sherwood examines the motives and consequences of their participation

The Passion of Antoine Lavoisier

(5)

Stephen Jay Gould

Many people paid the price for the French Revolution. One was France's greatest scientist, Antoine Lavoisier. A proponent of some of the Revolution's early accomplishments, the famous chemist ran afoul of the Committee of Public Safety and its revolutionary tribunals. Stephen Jay Gould cites Lavoisier's accomplishments and ponders why in revolutionary times even a brilliant scientist was not immune from political extremists

The First Feminist

(5)

Shirley Tomkievicz

Mary Wollstonecraft, author of Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792), cogently argued that the ideals of the Enlightenment and of the French Revolution should be extended to women. This is her story

Napoleon the Kingmaker

(5)

Philip Mansel

When Napoleon seized power in 1799 and established his empire in 1804, he swept away many ideas of the French Revolution and reverted to ideas, manners, and costumes of the Old Regime. Philip Mansel contends that most monarchs feared rather than applauded Napoleon as a fellow ruler

Napoleon in Egypt

(9)

Bob Brier

When Napoleon invaded Egypt in 1798, he brought with him scientists, linguists, chemists, and artists. From their research modern Egyptology was born. Bob Brier examines the contributions of such men and the discovery of the Rosetta Stone, which would be the key to deciphering hieroglyphics

UNIT 3 Industry, Ideology, Nationalism, and Imperialism: The Nineteenth Century

Overview

(2)

Arkwright: Cotton King or Spin Doctor?

(4)

Karen Fisk

Richard Arkwright (1732-1792), inventor and entrepreneur, is given much of the credit for Britain's leadership in the Industrial Revolution during the late eighteenth and ninettenth centuries. Author Karen Fisk raises questions about his accomplishments

Samuel Smiles: The Gospel of Self-Help

(6)

Asa Briggs

In eighteenth-century America, Benjamin Franklin was the prophet of self-help; in nineteenth-century England, it was Samuel Smiles. The latter's formula for success stressed the importance of role models, preservance, and strenuous effort

Giuseppe Garibaldi

102

(5)

Denis Mack Smith

Giuseppe Garibaldi was the hero of Italy's nineteenth-century quest for unification. Many characteristics of modern Italian politics have their origins in Garibaldi and his Red-Shirt movement

Conversations with Malthus

107

(5)

Suzanne Rickard

When Thomas Robert Malthus (1766-1832) challenged ideas that an unbridled population increase was a good thing, he became one of the most vilified men of the nineteenth century. Suzanne Rickard examines the man and his legacy

The Age of Philanthropy

112

(4)

Gertrude Himmelfarb

In Victorian England, under the influence of religion, many associations established schools, hospitals, orphanages, and poor-houses. Gertrude Himmelfarb looks at the motives and criticisms of Victorian philanthropy

Women Murderers in Victorian Britain

116

(4)

Judith Knelman

Although women accounted for only about 15 percent of the murders in Victorian England, they were more vilified as fiends and traitors to their sex in the popular press than were men. Judith Knelman describes how their cases were presented to the public

`The White Man's Burden'? Imperial Wars in the 1890s

120

(8)

Lawrence James

Lawrence James surveys the racial theories, economic interests, and national rivalries that constituted nineteenth-century imperialism

UNIT 4 Modernism, Statism, and Total War: The Twentieth Century

Overview

126

(2)

Albert Robida's Imperfect Future

128

(3)

Robert Hendrick

Late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century French author Albert Robida wrote amazingly accurate predictions on future technological, scientific, and social advances. Robert Hendrick explores Robida's positive and negative forecasts as well as Robida's disillusionment with ``progress.''

When Cubism Met the Decorative Arts in France

131

(4)

Paul Trachtman

Cubism was among the most famous experiments in modern art. Driven by ``a varacious, if not violent, appetite for new forms of intellectual, cultural, and industrial life,'' it was a characteristic expression of the new century

Two Cheers for Versailles

135

(4)

Mark Mazower

The Versailles Treaty is examined by Mark Mazower, who details the criticism leveled at the treaty after World War I. He wonders, however, if the European states would not be wise to reexamine the past to find answers to problems of today, such as ethnic cleansing

How the Modern Middle East Map Came to Be Drawn

139

(7)

David Fromkin

The long-awaited collapse of the Ottoman Empire finally occurred in 1918. World War I and the Arab uprising paved the way for a new era in the Middle East. But it was the British, not the Arabs, who played the central role in the reshaping of the geopolitics of the region

Nazism in the Classroom

146

(4)

Lisa Pine

Lisa Pine explains how Germany's National Socialist dictatorship brought political correctness---Nazi-style---to German school-children. The new curriculum featured pseudoscience, racial and gender stereotypes, distorted history, Aryan pride, and political arithmetic

Six Days to Reinvent Japan

150

(5)

Alex Gibney

In the aftermath of World War II, a committee of Americans under General Douglas MacArthur brought Western-style constitutionalism to defeated Japan. These arrangements still prevail in contemporary Japan. Alex Gibney reviews how Western political values have fared in an Eastern context

The Future That Never Came

155

(9)

Mitchell Reiss

After Hiroshima and Nagasaki, strategists---and much of the public---assumed that the next was would be fought with nuclear weapons. Mitchell Reiss explains why a nuclear conflagration did not happen

Face-Off

164

(5)

John Lewis Gaddis

After the end of World War II, political and military tensions between the West and Russia led to the cold war. John Lewis Gaddis details the events and individuals that both created and ended this period in history

Mutable Destiny: The End of the American Century?

169

(7)

Donald W. White

For much of the twentieth century the United States has been a great hegemonic power with global military commitments---an economic dynamo, a magnet for immigration, and an unparalled cultural force. But now with the start of the new millennium historians and other social analysts suggest that the nation may be in decline. Donald White considers recent assessments of America's condition

UNIT 5 Conclusion: The New Millennium and the Human Prospective

Overview

174

(2)

Exhibiting the Nation

176

(7)

Asa Briggs

Asa Briggs discusses the exhibitions of 1851, 1951, and the millennium celebration for the twenty-first century. He compares the fundamental attitudes and differences in each of these periods

The Way the World Ends

183

(4)

Kenneth L. Woodward

Millennial dreams and apocalyptic nightmares arose as we approached the third millennium. Kenneth Woodward surveys the impact that the Apocalypse has had, or will have, on religious belief from the early Christian, Medieval, and Reformation periods to the present century

A Brief History of Relativity

187

(5)

Stephen Hawking

Albert Einstein was chosen as Time's Man of the Twentieth Century because of his Theory of Relativity. Stephen Hawking summarizes Einstein's contributions, which challenged issac Newton's universe and transformed physics forever

The Viral Superhighway

192

(5)

George J. Armelagos

By the first half of the twentieth century, the general public assumed that technology had overcome diseases of the past. As George Armelagos says, we now know that, with international travel, global commerce, and the destruction of the ecosystem, the human population is exposed to new microbial threats

Belonging in the West

197

(5)

Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad

Real and potential conflicts between the West and the Islamic world are staples of contemporary newscasts, while the steady growth of Muslim communities within Western society often goes unreported. This article explores the Muslim experience in the West and the challenge that the Muslim presence presents to Western society. The author ponders ``whether Western democracies are liberal enough to include Islamic input into the national consensus.''

Folly & Failure in the Balkans

202

(4)

Tom Gallagher

Although Otto von Bismarck said that the Balkans were not worth the bones of a single Pomeranian grenadier, for 200 years the major European powers have intervened in the region. The results created small, weak states while neglecting differing religions, ethnic identities, and rising nationalism. This has led to the difficult situations that now confront the West

The Poor and the Rich

206

(4)

Why are some countries richer than others? The issues of economic growth and national development are attracting the attention of contemporary economists. Here is a survey of their findings

Who's Top?

210

(4)

Is there a connection between education and the wealth of nations? This report compares students of many nations in key knowledge areas as measured by ``the largest-ever piece of international education research, the Third International Maths and Science Study.'' The results challenge many educational orthodoxies and have implications for national policies in both rich and poor countries

Falling Tide: Global Trends and U.S. Civil Society

214

(4)

Francis Fukuyama

Liberal states, says Francis Fukuyama, require healthy civil societies for long-term stability. International comparisons of social trends in the United States and other Western nations suggest that ``the values and associations on which healthy democratic government depends'' are deteriorating

Whither Western Civilization?

218

(7)

Thomas Sowell

Thomas Sowell says that the fate of Western civilization ``is intertwined with the fate of human beings around the world, whether they live in Western or non-Western societies.'' Thus, to understand the modern world it is essential to be aware of the West's achievements and shortcomings. But he says that the West should be judged by comparison to the achievements and shortcomings of other cultures and traditions, not by abstract standards of perfection

Index

225

(3)

Test Your Knowledge Form

228

(1)

Article Rating Form

229

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Western Civilization: Annual Edition

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials