When Things Go Wrong: Foreign Policy Decision Making under Adverse Feedback

What happens when a government begins a major foreign policy commitment and then later receives new information that it is failing? Do the policy makers ignore these adverse signals? Do they elect to stay the course or do they change direction? The question of how to deal with adverse feedback to high-stakes foreign policy speaks to a number of important, current scenarios in international relations. Indeed, how to handle signs that major prior commitments are not working as intended is common to every aspect of human existence'¬ ;from the owner of an old car who has to decide whether to make additional repairs after a critical breakdown, to management deciding what course to follow when a new investment fails. Important work has been undertaken on this decision dilemma in a variety of fields. This book brings many of these insights to bear on the especially challenging circumstances where life and death and international politics can add dramatically to the costs of ineffective reactions. The esteemed contributors to this book offer explanations and illustrative case studies of these critical choice points in foreign and national security policy. They offer alternative theoretical frameworks for determining if and when policy will change in response to evidence of failing efforts. Competing theories from several of disciplines, primarily psychology, political science, and management, offer insights into a subject that has been very little studied in foreign policy, yet is as current as today'¬"s headlines.