A World of Nations The International Order

Now updated to address recent developments in the post-9/11 world, A World of Nations, Second Edition, provides an analytical narrative of the origins, evolution, and end of the Cold War. Much more than a simple account of the long struggle between the two superpowers, this vibrant text openswith chapters exploring the development of regional conflicts - ethnic, religious, cultural, economic, and military - that dominated international relations until the breakup of the Soviet Union. The final chapters examine the war on terror and the salience of interstate and transnational conflictsin the era of globalization. In engaging, compelling language, author William R. Keylor provides a genuinely international history of this turbulent period. Designed to serve the needs of both political scientists and historians, the new edition has been reorganized along regional lines while still maintaining the chronological approach of the previous edition. Building on its historical foundation, the second edition discusses International Relationtheory and explores such timely critical topics as human rights, environmental issues, NGOs, immigration, and international terrorism. In addition, numerous new photographs and helpful maps animate the text, drawing students into this dynamic subject. Thoroughly revised and even more relevant in its second edition, A World of Nations offers a riveting exploration of international relations as they have evolved from the Second World War to the present. It is ideal for political science courses on international relations, as well as courses on thehistory of U.S. foreign policy, European diplomatic history, the history of international relations, and world history since 1945.

William R. Keylor is Professor of History and International Relations, Boston University.

Maps	p. xii
Preface	p. xiii
The First and Second Worlds	p. 1
The Emergence of the Bipolar World	p. 3
The Formation of the Soviet Satellite Empire	p. 5
Czechoslovakia between East and West	p. 9
The Anomaly of Yugoslavia	p. 10
Early Western Concerns about Soviet Expansionism	p. 11
Confrontation at the Periphery: Iran, Turkey, Greece	p. 13
The British Withdrawal, the Truman Doctrine, and "Containment"	p. 20
The European Recovery Program	p. 23
The Political Consequences of the Marshall Plan	p. 27
The Division of Germany	p. 28
The Creation of the Postwar International Economic Order: Bretton Woods	p. 37
The Creation of a Global Collective Security System: The United Nations	p. 40
The Creation of an Atlantic Security System: NATO	p. 42
The Militarization of Containment	p. 46
Nuclear Anxieties and the Shadow of NSC-68	p. 46
From Cold War to Hot War	p. 50
The French Scheme for Western European Military Integration	p. 52
The French Scheme for Western European Economic Integration	p. 55
New Leadership in Washington and Moscow	p. 57
The Evolution of American Military Strategy under Eisenhower	p. 59
The Demise of EDC and the Rearmament of West Germany	p. 61
The Tortuous Path to European Economic Cooperation	p. 65
The "Thaw" in East-West Relations after the Death of Stalin	p. 69
The Consequences of De-Stalinization in the Satellites	p. 75
The Extension of the Cold War to the "Third World"	p. 78
The Contest for Strategic Superiority	p. 81
Berlin: The Bone in Khrushchev's Throat	p. 84
The Summit That Never Was	p. 90
The Wall Comes Up	p. 92
The Rise and Fall of Detente	p. 97
The Challenge of Arms Control	p. 97
"Blowing in the Wind": The Limited Test Ban Treaty	p. 98
Preserving the Nuclear Oligopoly: The Non-Proliferation Treaty	p. 100
Nuclear Parity and Mutual Assured Destruction	p. 101
The Road to SALT I	p. 103
Europe between the Superpowers: De Gaulle's Grand Design	p. 107
Ostpolitik: West Germany Looks East	p. 113
Helsinki: A European Security Agreement at Last	p. 117
The Failure of SALT II and the Renewal of the Arms Race	p. 121
The Decline and Fall of the Soviet Empire	p. 131
The Changing of the Guard in the Kremlin	p. 131
Breakthrough in Arms Control	p. 133
The Liberation of the Satellites	p. 136
The Reunification of Germany and the Breakup of the Warsaw Pact	p. 138
The Disappearance of the Soviet Union	p. 141
The Ordeal of the Non-Russian Successor States	p. 146
Unrest and Patriotic Fervor in the Russian Federation	p. 149
The Fading Dream of Arms Control	p. 151
European Unity and Disunity	p. 156
France's Campaign to Lead a "Europe of States"	p. 157
The Expansion and Deepening of the Community	p. 158
The Relaunching of the European Idea	p. 160
The Elusive Quest for Security Cooperation	p. 166
The Resurgence of Ethnic Conflict	p. 170
The Third World	p. 181
The Evolution of Inter-American Relations	p. 183
The Formation of a Hemispheric Security System	p. 183
The Revival of U.S. Interventionism: Guatemala, 1954	p. 189
"Yankee, Go Home!"	p. 192
Kennedy's Alliance for Progress	p. 193
The Cuban Revolution	p. 195
The Bay of Pigs Fiasco	p. 198
Thirteen Days That Changed the World	p. 199
The Specter of Castro and the Demise of the Alliance for Progress	p. 204
Marxism and Despotism in Chile	p. 208
Dictatorship, Development, and Human Rights	p. 210
The Nicaraguan Revolution and Its Consequences	p. 212
The Latin American Debt Crisis of the Eighties	p. 217
The Turn toward Neoliberalism and Regional Economic Cooperation	p. 219
The War on Drugs	p. 222
Backlash against the "Washington Consensus"	p. 223
The Advance of Democratic Institutions	p. 225
The Return of Regional Stability to Central America	p. 227
The Reluctant Gendarme of the Hemisphere after the Cold War	p. 228
East Asia Recuperates From the Ravages of War	p. 232
The Chinese Civil War	p. 234
The Korean War and Its Repercussions for the Far East	p. 242
From Hiroshima to Japan, Inc.: The Asian Model of Economic Growth	p. 257
The Rise of the East Asian Tigers	p. 263
The United States and the "Two Chinas"	p. 267
The Disintegration of the Sino-Soviet Alliance	p. 268
China Turns to the West	p. 272
Deng Xiaoping and China's Great Awakening	p. 276
Asia's New Economic Superpower	p. 283
The Reemergence of the "Hermit Nation"	p. 285
Japan: Economic Problems and Regional Threats	p. 288
Cold War and Nonalignment in South and Southeast Asia	p. 290
The Agony of Indochina: The French Phase	p. 290
The Agony of Indochina: The American Phase	p. 300
The Bloody Aftermath of the Vietnam War	p. 315
The Pacification of Cambodia	p. 318
Indonesia's Bid for a Regional Role	p. 320
From the "Emergency" in Malaya to the Emergence of Malaysia	p. 327
Insurgency and Counterinsurgency in the Philippines	p. 329
India's Quest for a "Third Way"	p. 330
The Agony of Afghanistan	p. 335
Continuing Instability and Insecurity on the Indian Subcontinent	p. 345
The Search for a Southeast Asian Security System	p. 350
Regional Rivalries and East-West Conflicts in the Middle East	p. 355
The Establishment of the Jewish State	p. 355
The Road to Suez	p. 359
Nasserism and the Crises in Lebanon, Jordan, and Iraq	p. 367
The Renewal of the Arab-Israeli Conflict after Suez	p. 371
The Unfolding of the Arab-Israeli "Peace Process"	p. 382
The Iranian Revolution, the Iran-Iraq War, and the Intifada	p. 387
The Context and Consequences of the Gulf War	p. 393
The Making of a Quagmire	p. 395
Iran after Khomeini	p. 399
The Revival of Hope for Regional Peace and Stability	p. 401
The Return of Political Unrest and Armed Conflict in Lebanon	p. 410
Africa: The Travails of Independence	p. 413
The Fragility of Nationhood: The Congo Crisis and the Nigerian Civil War	p. 414
The Curse of Underdevelopment	p. 420
The Persistence of "Neo-Imperialism"	p. 422
Competing Territorial Claims in the Sahara	p. 426
The Cold War and the End of the Portuguese African Empire	p. 427
Superpower Rivalry and Regional Conflict on the Horn of Africa	p. 430
Ethnic Tensions and Political Instability in Northeast Africa	p. 432
The Collapse of White Minority Rule in the South	p. 434
War and Genocide in Central Africa	p. 438
Nigeria's Bid for Regional Leadership in West Africa	p. 442
The Maghreb: The Islamic Revival and the Quest for Regional Identity	p. 444
The Campaign for Continental Economic Integration and Development	p. 445
Epilogue: A World of Nations in the Era of Globalization	p. 449
The Unfettered Flow of Information, Goods, and Money	p. 450
Toward a Global Culture or Americanization?	p. 451
Health, Environmental Protection, Human Rights, and Peace: The Influence of International Nongovernmental Organizations	p. 452
Terrorism as a Response to Globalization	p. 456
The Persistence of National Identity and the Power of the Nation-State	p. 457
Select Bibliography	p. 460
Index	p. 471
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A World of Nations The International Order Since 1945

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Table of Contents

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