Zoological Philosophy

The great French zoologist Lamarck (1744-1829) was best known for his theory of evolution, called 'soft inheritance', whereby organisms pass down acquired characteristics to their offspring. Originally a soldier, Lamarck later studied medicine and biology. His distinguished career included admission to the French Academy of Sciences (1779), and appointments as Royal Botanist (1781) and as professor of zoology at the Musée Nationale d'Histoire Naturelle in 1793. Acknowledged as the premier authority on invertebrate zoology, he is credited with coining the term 'invertebrates'. In this 1809 work, translated into English in 1914, he outlines his theory that under the pressure of different external circumstances, species can develop variations, and that new species and genera can eventually evolve as a result. Darwin paid tribute to Lamarck as the man who 'first did the eminent service of arousing attention to the probability of all change ... being the result of law'.

Introduction
Preface
Preliminary discourse
Considerations on the Natural History of Animals, their Characters, Affinities, Organisation, Classification and Species
On artificial devices in dealing with the productions of nature
Importance of the consideration of affinities
Of species among living bodies, and the idea that we should attach to that word
General principles concerning animals
On the true arrangement and classification of animals
Degradation and simplification of organisation, from one extremity to the other of the animal chain, proceeding from the most complex to the simplest
Of the influence of the environment on the activities and habits of animals, and the influence of the activities and habits of these living bodies in modifying their organisation and structure
Of the natural order of animals, and the way in which their classification should be drawn up, so as to be in conformity with the actual order of nature
Additions to the subject-matter of Chaps. 7 and 8
An Enquiry into the Physical Causes of Life, the Conditions Required for its Existence, the Exciting Force of its Movements, the Faculties Which It Confers on Bodies Possessing It, and the Results of its Presence in Those Bodies: Introduction
Comparison of inorganic bodies with living bodies, followed by a parallel between animals and plants
Of life, what it consists of, and the conditions of its existence in a body
Of the exciting cause of organic movements
Of orgasm and irritability
Of cellular tissue, regarded as the matrix in which all organisation has been cast
Of direct or spontaneous generation
Of the immediate results of life in a body
Of the faculties common to all living bodies
Of the faculties peculiar to certain living bodies
Summary of Part II
An Enquiry into the Physical Causes of Feeling into the Force Which Produces Actions, and Lastly into the Origin of the Acts of Intelligence Observed in Various Animals: Introduction
Of the nervous system, its formation, and the various sorts of functions that it can fulfil
Of the nervous fluid
Of physical sensibility and the mechanism of sensation
Of the inner feeling, the emotions that it may experience, and the power which it thence derives for the production of actions
Of the force which produces the actions of animals, and of certain peculiar facts resulting from the use of the force
Of the will
Of the understanding, its origin, and the origin of ideas
Of the principal acts of the understanding, or those of the first order from which all the rest are derived
Index
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Zoological Philosophy

Summary

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