Operational Amplifiers and Linear Integrated Circuits

, by Coughlin, Robert F.; Driscoll, Frederick F.

Note: Supplemental materials are not guaranteed with Rental or Used book purchases.

ISBN: 9780130149916 | 0130149918
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 8/23/2000

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This popular book presents a clear and interesting approach for op-amp courses while examining four basic active filters, illustrating 5-V digital logic ICs, and more. It provides many detailed, practical design and analysis examples intended to relate theory to the workplace.Chapter topics include first experiences with an op amp; inverting and noninverting amplifiers; comparators and controls; selected applications of op amps; signal generators; op amps with diodes; differential, instrumentation, and bridge amplifiers; DC performance: bias, offsets, and drift; AC performance: bandwidth, slew rate, noise; active filters; modulating, demodulating, and frequency changing with the multiplier; integrated-circuit timers; digital-to-analog converters; analog-to-digital converters; and power supplies.For design engineers rs

Preface

xxv

Introduction to Op Amps

(12)

Learning Objectives

(1)

Introduction

(1)

Is There Still a Need for Analog Circuity?

(2)

Analog and Digital Systems

(1)

Op Amps Development

(1)

Op Amps Become Specialized

(1)

General-Purpose Op Amp

(3)

Circuit Symbol and Terminals

(1)

Simplified Internal Circuitry of a General-Purpose Op Amp

(1)

Input Stage---Differential Amplifier

(1)

Intermediate Stage---Level Shifter

(1)

Output Stage---Push-Pull

(1)

Packaging and Pinouts

(2)

Packaging

(1)

Combining Symbol and Pinout

(1)

How to Identify or Order an Op Amp

(1)

The Identification Code

(1)

Order Number Example

(1)

Second Sources

(1)

Breadboarding Op Amp Circuits

(2)

The Power Supply

(1)

Breadboarding Suggestions

(1)

Problems

(1)

First Experiences with An Op Amp

(31)

Learning Objectives

(1)

Introduction

(1)

Op Amp Terminals

(4)

Power Supply Terminals

(1)

Output Terminal

(1)

Input Terminals

(1)

Input Bias Currents and Offset Voltage

(1)

Open-Loop Voltage Gain

(2)

Definition

(1)

Differential Input Voltage, Ed

(1)

Conclusions

(1)

Zero-Crossing Detectors

(1)

Noninverting Zero-Crossing Detector

(1)

Inverting Zero-Crossing Detector

(1)

Positive- and Negative-Voltage-Level Detectors

(1)

Positive-Level Detectors

(1)

Negative-Level Detectors

(1)

Typical Applications of Voltage-Level Detectors

(6)

Adjustable Reference Voltage

(1)

Sound-Activated Switch

(2)

Light Column Voltmeter

(2)

Smoke Detector

(1)

Voltage Reference ICs

(2)

Introduction

(1)

Ref-02

(1)

Ref-02/Voltage Level Detector Applications

(2)

Signal Processing with Voltage-Level Detectors

(3)

Introduction

(1)

Sine-to-Square Wave Converter

(1)

Sawtooth-to-Pulse Wave Converter

(1)

Quad Voltage Comparator, LM339

(2)

Computer Interfacing with Voltage-Level Detectors

(5)

Introduction

(1)

Pulse-Width Modulator, Noninverting

(2)

Inverting and Noninverting Pulse-Width Modulators

(2)

A Pulse-Width Modulator Interface to a Microcontroller

(1)

Op Amp Comparator Circuit Simulation

(6)

Introduction

(1)

Creating, Initializing, and Simulating a Circuit

(3)

Problems

(3)

Inverting and Noninverting Amplifiers

(40)

Learning Objectives

(1)

Introduction

(1)

The Inverting Amplifier

(7)

Introduction

(1)

Positive Voltage Applied to the Inverting Input

(2)

Load and Output Currents

(1)

Negative Voltage Applied to the Inverting Input

(1)

Voltage Applied to the Inverting Input

(2)

Design Procedure

(1)

Analysis Procedure

(1)

Inverting Adder and Audio Mixer

(3)

Inverting Adder

(1)

Audio Mixer

(1)

DC Offsetting an AC Signal

(2)

Multichannel Amplifier

(1)

The Need for a Multichannel Amplifier

(1)

Circuit Analysis

(1)

Design Procedure

(1)

Inverting Averaging Amplifier

(1)

Noninverting Amplifier

(4)

Circuit Analysis

(2)

Design Procedure

(2)

Voltage Follower

(3)

Introduction

(1)

Using the Voltage Follower

(2)

The ``Ideal'' Voltage Source

(2)

Definition and Awareness

(1)

The Unrecognized Ideal Voltage Source

(1)

The Practical Ideal Voltage Source

(1)

Precise Voltage Sources

(1)

Noninverting Adder

(1)

Single-Supply Operation

(2)

Difference Amplifiers

(2)

The Subtractor

(1)

Inverting-Noninverting Amplifier

(1)

Designing a Signal Conditioning Circuit

(5)

PSpice Simulation

(8)

Inverting Amplifier---DC Input

(1)

Inverting Amplifier---AC Input

(1)

Inverting Adder

(1)

Noninverting Adder

(1)

Problems

(4)

Comparators and Controls

(34)

Learning Objectives

(1)

Introduction

(1)

Effect of Noise on Comparator Circuits

(2)

Positive Feedback

(3)

Introduction

(1)

Upper-Threshold Voltage

(1)

Lower-Threshold Voltage

(2)

Zero-Crossing Detector with Hysteresis

(1)

Defining Hysteresis

(1)

Zero-Crossing Detector with Hysteresis as a Memory Element

(1)

Voltage-Level Detectors with Hysteresis

(5)

Introduction

(1)

Noninverting Voltage-Level Detector with Hysteresis

(2)

Inverting Voltage-Level Detector with Hysteresis

(2)

Voltage-Level Detector with Independent Adjustment of Hysteresis and Center Voltage

(3)

Introduction

(2)

Battery-Charger Control Circuit

(1)

On-Off Control Principles

(1)

Comparators in Process Control

(1)

The Room Thermostat as a Comparator

100

(1)

Selection/Design Guideline

100

(1)

An Independently Adjustable Setpoint Controller

100

(4)

Principle of Operation

100

(1)

Output-Input Characteristics of an Independently Adjustable Setpoint Controller

100

(1)

Choice of Setpoint Voltages

101

(1)

Circuit for Independently Adjustable Setpoint Voltage

102

(2)

Precautions

104

(1)

IC Precision Comparator, 111/311

104

(2)

Introduction

104

(1)

Output Terminal Operation

104

(1)

Strobe Terminal Operation

104

(2)

Biomedical Application

106

(2)

Window Detector

108

(1)

Introduction

108

(1)

Circuit Operation

108

(1)

Propagation Delay

108

(3)

Definition

108

(2)

Measurement of Propagation Delay

110

(1)

Using PSpice to Model and Simulate Comparator Circuits

111

(7)

Simulation of the Zero-Crossing Detector with Hysteresis

111

(2)

Window Detector

113

(2)

Problems

115

(3)

Selected Applications of op Amps

118

(33)

Learning Objectives

118

(1)

Introduction

119

(1)

High-Resistance DC Voltmeter

119

(2)

Basic Voltage-Measuring Circuit

119

(1)

Voltmeter Scale Changing

120

(1)

Universal High-Resistance Voltmeter

121

(2)

Circuit Operation

121

(1)

Design Procedure

122

(1)

Voltage-to-Current Converters: Floating Loads

123

(2)

Voltage Control of Load Current

123

(1)

Zener Diode Tester

123

(1)

Diode Tester

123

(2)

Light-Emitting-Diode Tester

125

(1)

Furnishing a Constant Current to a Grounded Load

126

(4)

Differential Voltage-to-Current Converter

126

(1)

Constant-High-Current Source, Grounded Load

127

(1)

Interfacing a Microcontroller Output to a 4- to-20-mA Transmitter

128

(1)

Digitally Controlled 4- to 20-mA Current Source

129

(1)

Short-Circuit Current Measurement and Current-to-Voltage Conversion

130

(2)

Introduction

130

(1)

Using the Op Amp to Measure Short-Circuit Current

130

(2)

Measuring Current from Photodetectors

132

(1)

Photoconductive Cell

132

(1)

Photodiode

133

(1)

Current Amplifier

133

(1)

Solar Cell Energy Measurements

134

(3)

Introduction to the Problems

134

(1)

Converting Solar Cell Short-Circuit Current to a Voltage

135

(1)

Current-Divider Circuit (Current-to-Current Converter)

136

(1)

Phase Shifter

137

(2)

Introduction

137

(1)

Phase-Shifter Circuit

138

(1)

Temperature-to-Voltage Converters

139

(1)

AD590 Temperature Transducer

139

(1)

Celsius Thermometer

140

(1)

Fahrenheit Thermometer

140

(1)

Integrators and Differentiators

140

(6)

Integrators

141

(1)

Servoamplifier

142

(2)

Differentiators

144

(2)

PSpice Simulation

146

(5)

Problems

148

(3)

Signal Generators

151

(36)

Learning Objectives

151

(1)

Introduction

152

(1)

Free-Running Multivibrator

152

(4)

Multivibrator Action

152

(2)

Frequency of Oscillation

154

(2)

One-Shot Multivibrator

156

(4)

Introduction

156

(1)

Stable State

156

(1)

Transition to the Timing State

157

(1)

Timing State

157

(2)

Duration of Output Pulse

159

(1)

Recovery Time

159

(1)

Triangle-Wave Generators

160

(5)

Theory of Operation

160

(2)

Frequency of Operation

162

(1)

Unipolar Triangle-Wave Generator

163

(2)

Sawtooth-Wave Generator

165

(5)

Circuit Operation

165

(1)

Sawtooth Waveshape Analysis

165

(1)

Design Procedure

165

(2)

Voltage-to-Frequency Converter

167

(1)

Frequency Modulation and Frequency Shift Keying

167

(1)

Disadvantages

168

(2)

Balanced Modulator/Demodulator, the AD630

170

(1)

Introduction

170

(1)

Input and Output Terminals

170

(1)

Input-Output Waveforms

170

(1)

Precision Triangle/Square-Wave Generator

170

(2)

Circuit Operation

170

(2)

Frequency of Oscillation

172

(1)

Sine-Wave Generation Survey

172

(1)

Universal Trigonometric Function Generator, the AD639

173

(2)

Introduction

173

(1)

Sine Function Operation

173

(2)

Precision Sine-Wave Generator

175

(4)

Circuit Operation

175

(3)

Frequency of Oscillation

178

(1)

High Frequency Waveform Generator

178

(1)

PSpice Simulation of Signal Generator Circuit

179

(8)

Free-Running Multivibrator

179

(2)

One-Shot Multivibrator

181

(1)

Bipolar Triangle-Wave Generator

182

(1)

Unipolar Triangle-Wave Generator

183

(2)

Problems

185

(2)

Op Amps with Diodes

187

(29)

Learning Objectives

187

(1)

Introduction to Precision Rectifiers

188

(1)

Linear Half-Wave Rectifiers

189

(5)

Introduction

189

(1)

Inverting Linear Half-Wave Rectifier, Positive Output

190

(2)

Inverting Linear Half-Wave Rectifier, Negative Output

192

(1)

Signal Polarity Separator

193

(1)

Precision Rectifiers: The Absolute-Value Circuit

194

(4)

Introduction

194

(1)

Types of Precision Full-Wave Rectifiers

195

(3)

Peak Detectors

198

(2)

Positive Peak Follower and Hold

198

(2)

Negative Peak Follower and Hold

200

(1)

AC-to-DC Converter

200

(3)

AC-to-DC Conversion or MAV Circuit

200

(2)

Precision Rectifier with Grounded Summing Inputs

202

(1)

AC-to-DC Converter

203

(1)

Dead-Zone Circuits

203

(5)

Introduction

203

(1)

Dead-Zone Circuit with Negative Output

203

(2)

Dead-Zone Circuit with Positive Output

205

(3)

Bipolar-Output Dead-Zone Circuit

208

(1)

Precision Clipper

208

(1)

Triangular-to-Sine Wave Converter

208

(1)

PSpice Simulation of Op Amps with Diodes

209

(7)

Linear Half-Wave Rectifier

209

(2)

Precision Full-Wave Rectifier

211

(2)

Mean-Absolute-Value Amplifier

213

(2)

Problems

215

(1)

Differential, Instrumentation, and Bridge Amplifiers

216

(36)

Learning Objectives

216

(1)

Introduction

217

(1)

Basic Differential Amplifier

217

(4)

Introduction

217

(2)

Common-Mode Voltage

219

(1)

Common-Mode Rejection

220

(1)

Differential versus Single-Input Amplifiers

221

(2)

Measurement with a Single-Input Amplifier

221

(1)

Measurement with a Differential Amplifier

222

(1)

Improving the Basic Differential Amplifier

223

(3)

Increasing Input Resistance

223

(1)

Adjustable Gain

223

(3)

Instrumentation Amplifier

226

(3)

Circuit Operation

226

(2)

Referencing Output Voltage

228

(1)

Sensing and Measuring with the Instrumentation Amplifier

229

(4)

Sense Terminal

229

(1)

Differential Voltage Measurements

230

(1)

Differential Voltage-to-Current Converter

231

(2)

The Instrumentation Amplifier as a Signal Conditioning Circuit

233

(2)

Introduction to the Strain Gage

233

(1)

Strain-Gage Material

233

(1)

Using Strain-Gage Data

234

(1)

Strain-Gage Mounting

235

(1)

Strain-Gage Resistance Changes

235

(1)

Measurement of Small Resistance Changes

235

(3)

Need for a Resistance Bridge

235

(1)

Basic Resistance Bridge

236

(1)

Thermal Effect on Bridge Balance

237

(1)

Balancing a Strain-Gage Bridge

238

(1)

The Obvious Technique

238

(1)

The Better Technique

238

(1)

Increasing Strain-Gage Bridge Output

239

(2)

Practical Strain-Gage Application

241

(2)

Measurement of Pressure, Force, and Weight

243

(1)

Basic Bridge Amplifier

243

(5)

Introduction

243

(1)

Basic Bridge Circuit Operations

244

(1)

Temperature Measurement with a Bridge Circuit

245

(3)

Bridge Amplifiers and Computers

248

(1)

Adding Versatility to the Bridge Amplifier

248

(4)

Grounded Transducers

248

(1)

High-Current Transducers

248

(1)

Problems

249

(3)

DC Performance: Bias, Offsets, and Drift

252

(22)

Learning Objectives

252

(1)

Introduction

253

(1)

Input Bias Currents

254

(1)

Input Offset Current

255

(1)

Effect of Bias Currents on Output Voltage

256

(3)

Simplification

256

(1)

Effect of (-) Input Bias Current

256

(2)

Effect of (+) Input Bias Current

258

(1)

Effect of Offset Current on Output Voltage

259

(2)

Current-Compensating the Voltage Follower

259

(1)

Current-Compensating Other Amplifiers

260

(1)

Summary on Bias-Current Compensation

260

(1)

Input Offset Voltage

261

(3)

Definition and Model

261

(1)

Effect of Input Offset Voltage on Output Voltage

262

(1)

Measurement of Input Offset Voltage

262

(2)

Input Offset Voltage for the Adder Circuit

264

(1)

Comparison of Signal Gain and Offset Voltage Gain

264

(1)

How Not to Eliminate the Effects of Offset Voltage

265

(1)

Nulling-Out Effect of Offset Voltage and Bias Currents

265

(2)

Design or Analysis Sequence

265

(1)

Null Circuits for Offset Voltage

266

(1)

Nulling Procedure for Output Voltage

267

(1)

Drift

267

(2)

Measurement of Offset Voltage and Bias Currents

269

(1)

Common-Mode Rejection Ratio

270

(1)

Power Supply Rejection Ratio

271

(3)

Problems

272

(2)

AC Performance: Bandwidth, Slew Rate, Noise

274

(20)

Learning Objectives

274

(1)

Introduction

275

(1)

Frequency Response of the Op Amp

275

(4)

Internal Frequency Compensation

275

(1)

Frequency-Response Curve

276

(1)

Unity-Gain Bandwidth

277

(1)

Rise Time

278

(1)

Amplifier Gain and Frequency Response

279

(5)

Effect of Open-Loop Gain on Closed-Loop Gain of an Amplifier, DC Operation

279

(2)

Small-Signal Bandwidth, Low- and High-Frequency Limits

281

(1)

Measuring Frequency Response

282

(1)

Bandwidth of Inverting and Noninverting Amplifiers

282

(1)

Finding Bandwidth by a Graphical Method

283

(1)

Slew Rate and Output Voltage

284

(5)

Definition of Slew Rate

284

(1)

Cause of Slew-Rate Limiting

285

(1)

Slew-Rate Limiting of Sine Waves

285

(3)

Slew Rate Made Easy

288

(1)

Noise in the Output Voltage

289

(2)

Introduction

289

(1)

Noise in Op Amp Circuits

289

(1)

Noise Gain

290

(1)

Noise in the Inverting Adder

290

(1)

Summary

290

(1)

Loop Gain

291

(3)

Problems

292

(2)

Active Filters

294

(36)

Learning Objectives

294

(1)

Introduction

295

(1)

Basic Low-Pass Filter

296

(3)

Introduction

296

(1)

Designing the Filter

297

(2)

Filter Response

299

(1)

Introduction to the Butterworth Filter

299

(1)

-40-dB/Decade Low-Pass Butterworth Filter

300

(2)

Simplified Design Procedure

300

(2)

Filter Response

302

(1)

-60-dB/Decade Low-Pass Butterworth Filter

302

(3)

Simplified Design Procedure

302

(2)

Filter Response

304

(1)

High-Pass Butterworth Filters

305

(7)

Introduction

305

(1)

20-dB/Decade Filter

306

(2)

40-dB/Decade Filter

308

(1)

60-dB/Decade Filter

309

(2)

Comparison of Magnitudes and Phase Angles

311

(1)

Introduction to Bandpass Filters

312

(3)

Frequency Response

312

(1)

Bandwidth

313

(1)

Quality Factor

314

(1)

Narrowband and Wideband Filters

314

(1)

Basic Wideband Filter

315

(1)

Cascading

315

(1)

Wideband Filter Circuit

315

(1)

Frequency Response

315

(1)

Narrowband Bandpass Filters

316

(3)

Narrowband Filter Circuit

317

(1)

Performance

317

(1)

Stereo-Equalizer Octave Filter

318

(1)

Notch Filters

319

(1)

Introduction

319

(1)

Notch Filter Theory

320

(1)

120-Hz Notch Filter

320

(2)

Need for a Notch Filter

320

(1)

Statement of the Problem

321

(1)

Procedure to Make a Notch Filter

321

(1)

Bandpass Filter Components

321

(1)

Final Assembly

322

(1)

Simulation of Active Filter Circuits Using PSpice

322

(8)

Low-Pass Filter

323

(2)

High-Pass Filter

325

(1)

Bandpass Filter

326

(2)

Problems

328

(2)

Modulating, Demodulating, and Frequency Changing with the Multiplier

330

(32)

Learning Objectives

330

(1)

Introduction

331

(1)

Multiplying DC Voltages

331

(3)

Multiplier Scale Factor

331

(1)

Multiplier Quadrants

332

(2)

Squaring a Number or DC Voltage

334

(1)

Frequency Doubling

334

(3)

Principle of the Frequency Doubler

334

(1)

Squaring a Sinusoidal Voltage

335

(2)

Phase-Angle Detection

337

(3)

Basic Theory

337

(2)

Phase-Angle Meter

339

(1)

Phase Angles Greater than ±90°

340

(1)

Analog Divider

340

(2)

Finding Square Roots

342

(1)

Introduction to Amplitude Modulation

342

(6)

Need for Amplitude Modulation

342

(1)

Defining Amplitude Modulation

343

(1)

The Multiplier Used as a Modulator

343

(1)

Mathematics of a Balanced Modulator

343

(2)

Sum and Difference Frequencies

345

(2)

Side Frequencies and Sidebands

347

(1)

Standard Amplitude Modulation

348

(4)

Amplitude Modulator Circuit

348

(3)

Frequency Spectrum of a Standard AM Modulator

351

(1)

Comparison of Standard AM Modulators and Balanced Modulators

352

(1)

Demodulating an AM Voltage

352

(4)

Demodulating a Balanced Modulator Voltage

356

(1)

Single-Sideband Modulation and Demodulation

356

(1)

Frequency Shifting

356

(2)

Universal Amplitude Modulation Receiver

358

(4)

Tuning and Mixing

358

(2)

Intermediate-Frequency Amplifier

360

(1)

Detection Process

360

(1)

Universal AM Receiver

360

(1)

Problems

361

(1)

Integrated-Circuit Timers

362

(38)

Learning Objectives

362

(1)

Introduction

363

(1)

Operating Modes of the 555 Timer

364

(1)

Terminals of the 555

365

(6)

Packaging and Power Supply Terminals

365

(1)

Output Terminal

366

(1)

Reset Terminal

366

(1)

Discharge Terminal

366

(1)

Control Voltage Terminal

366

(1)

Trigger and Threshold Terminals

366

(2)

Power-on Time Delays

368

(3)

Free-Running or Astable Operation

371

(4)

Circuit Operation

371

(1)

Frequency of Oscillation

371

(2)

Duty Cycle

373

(1)

Extending the Duty Cycle

374

(1)

Applications of the 555 as an Astable Multivibrator

375

(3)

Tone-Burst Oscillator

375

(2)

Voltage-Controlled Frequency Shifter

377

(1)

One-Shot or Monostable Operation

378

(3)

Introduction

378

(2)

Input Pulse Circuit

380

(1)

Applications of the 555 as a One-Shot Multivibrator

381

(3)

Water-Level Fill Control

381

(1)

Touch Switch

381

(1)

Frequency Divider

382

(1)

Missing Pulse Detector

383

(1)

Introduction to Counter Timers

384

(1)

The XR 2240 Programmable Timer/Counter

385

(4)

Circuit Description

385

(1)

Counter Operation

386

(2)

Programming the Outputs

388

(1)

Timer/Counter Applications

389

(5)

Timing Applications

389

(1)

Free-Running Oscillator, Synchronized Outputs

390

(1)

Binary Pattern Signal Generator

391

(1)

Frequency Synthesizer

392

(2)

Switch Programmable Timer

394

(1)

Timing Intervals

394

(1)

Circuit Operation

394

(1)

PSpice Simulation of 555 Timer

394

(6)

Astable or Free-Running Multivibrator

394

(3)

Tone-Burst-Control Circuit

397

(2)

Problems

399

(1)

Digital-to-Analog Converters

400

(30)

Learning Objectives

400

(1)

Introduction

401

(1)

DAC Characteristics

401

(7)

Resolution

401

(4)

Offset Error

405

(1)

Gain Error

406

(2)

Monotonic

408

(1)

Relative Accuracy

408

(1)

Digital-to-Analog Conversion Process

408

(4)

Block Diagram

408

(1)

R-2R Ladder Network

409

(1)

Ladder Currents

410

(1)

Ladder Equation

411

(1)

Voltage Output DACs

412

(2)

Multiplying DAC

414

(1)

8-Bit Digital-to-Analog Converter; the DAC-08

414

(6)

Power Supply Terminals

414

(1)

Reference (Multiplying) Terminal

414

(2)

Digital Input Terminals

416

(1)

Analog Output Currents

416

(1)

Unipolar Output Voltage

417

(1)

Bipolar Analog Output Voltage

418

(2)

Microprocessor Compatibility

420

(1)

Interfacing Principles

420

(1)

Memory Buffer Registers

420

(1)

The Selection Process

420

(1)

AD558 Microprocessor-Compatible DAC

421

(4)

Introduction

421

(2)

Power Supply

423

(1)

Digital Inputs

423

(1)

Logic Circuitry

423

(1)

Analog Output

423

(2)

Dynamic Test Circuit

425

(1)

Serial DACs

425

(5)

Introduction

425

(1)

Interfacing a Serial DAC to a Microprocessor

426

(1)

Assembly Language Programming

427

(1)

Problems

428

(2)

Analog-to-Digital Converters

430

(23)

Learning Objectives

430

(1)

Introduction

431

(1)

ADC Characteristics

431

(4)

Resolution

431

(2)

Quantization Error

433

(1)

Offset Error

433

(1)

Gain Error

434

(1)

Linearity Error

435

(1)

Integrating ADC

435

(5)

Types of ADCs

435

(1)

Principles of Operation

436

(1)

Signal Integrate Phase, T1

436

(1)

Reference Integrate Phase, T2

436

(2)

The Conversion

438

(1)

Auto-Zero

439

(1)

Summary

439

(1)

Successive Approximation ADC

440

(2)

Circuit Operation

440

(2)

Successive Approximation Analogy

442

(1)

Conversion Time

442

(1)

ADCs for Microprocessors

442

(1)

AD670 Microprocessor-Compatible ADC

443

(4)

Analog Input Voltage Terminals

445

(1)

Digital Output Terminals

445

(1)

Input Option Terminal

445

(1)

Output Option Terminal

445

(1)

Microprocessor Control Terminals

445

(2)

Testing the AD670

447

(1)

Flash Converters

447

(3)

Principles of Operation

447

(1)

Conversion Time

447

(3)

Frequency Response of ADCs

450

(3)

Aperture Error

450

(1)

Sample-and-Hold Amplifier

450

(1)

Problems

451

(2)

Power Supplies

453

(28)

Learning Objectives

453

(1)

Introduction

454

(1)

Introduction to the Unregulated Power Supply

454

(3)

Power Transformer

454

(2)

Rectifier Diodes

456

(1)

Positive versus Negative Supplies

456

(1)

Filter Capacitor

457

(1)

Load

457

(1)

DC Voltage Regulation

457

(4)

Load Voltage Variations

457

(1)

DC Voltage Regulation Curve

458

(1)

DC Model of a Power Supply

459

(2)

Percent Regulation

461

(1)

AC Ripple Voltage

461

(3)

Predicting AC Ripple Voltage

461

(2)

Ripple Voltage Frequency and Percent Ripple

463

(1)

Controlling Ripple Voltage

464

(1)

Design Procedure for a Full-Wave Bridge Unregulated Supply

464

(4)

Design Specification, General

464

(4)

Bipolar and Two-Value Unregulated Power Supplies

468

(1)

Bipolar or Positive and Negative Power Supplies

468

(1)

Two-Value Power Supplies

469

(1)

Need for Voltage Regulation

469

(1)

The History of Linear Voltage Regulators

469

(1)

The First Generation

469

(1)

The Second Generation

470

(1)

The Third Generation

470

(1)

Linear IC Voltage Regulators

470

(2)

Classification

470

(1)

Common Characteristics

470

(2)

Self-Protection Circuits

472

(1)

External Protection

472

(1)

Ripple Reduction

472

(1)

Power Supply for Logic Circuits

472

(1)

The Regulator Circuit

472

(1)

The Unregulated Supply

473

(1)

±15-V Power Supplies for Linear Application

473

(2)

High-Current ±15-V Regulator

473

(1)

Low-Current ±15-V Regulator

474

(1)

Unregulated Supply for the ±15-V Regulators

475

(1)

Adjustable Three-Terminal Positive Voltage Regulator (the LM317HV) and Negative Voltage Regulator (the LM337HV)

475

(1)

Load Voltage Adjustment

475

(3)

Adjusting the Positive Regulated Output Voltage

475

(2)

Characteristics of the LM317HVK

477

(1)

Adjustable Negative-Voltage Regulator

477

(1)

External Protection

477

(1)

Adjustable Laboratory-Type Voltage Regulator

478

(1)

Other Linear Regulators

479

(2)

Problems

479

(2)

Appendix 1 μA741 Frequency-Compensated Operational Amplifier

481

(10)

Appendix 2 LM301 Operational Amplifier

491

(7)

Appendix 3 LM311 Voltage Comparator

498

(7)

Appendix 4 LM117 3-Terminal Adjustable Regulator

505

(6)

Answers to Selected Odd-Numbered Problems

511

(7)

Bibliography

518

(3)

Index

521

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Operational Amplifiers and Linear Integrated Circuits

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials