Methods in Social Neuroscience

Straightforward and practical, this is the first book to provide detailed guidance for using neurobiological methods in the study of human social behavior, personality, and affect. Each chapter clearly introduces the method at hand, provides examples of the method's applications, discusses its strengths and limitations, and reviews concrete experimental design considerations. Written by acknowledged experts, chapters cover neuroimaging techniques, genetic measurement, hormonal methods, lesion studies, startle eyeblink responses, facial electromyography, autonomic nervous system responses, and modeling based on neural networks.

Eddie Harmon-Jones, PhD, is Professor of Psychology at Texas A&M University. His research focuses on emotions and motivations, their implications for social processes and behaviors, and their underlying neural circuits. His research has been supported by the National Institute of Mental Health, the National Science Foundation, and the Fetzer Institute. The coeditor of two previous books, he is a recipient of the Award for Distinguished Early Career Contribution to Psychophysiology from the Society for Psychophysiological Research. He has served as an associate editor of the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology and is on the editorial boards of five other journals.

Jennifer S. Beer, PhD, is Assistant Professor of Psychology and a faculty member in the Institute for Neuroscience at the University of Texas at Austin. Her research adopts lesion and functional magnetic resonance imaging methodologies to examine self-regulation of social behavior. Dr. Beer serves on the editorial boards of the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Frontiers in Neuroscience, Social Cognition, Emotion, and Social, Cognitive, and Affective Neuroscience. Additionally, she has provided service to the field of social neuroscience as a reviewer for the National Science Foundation (United States), the Economic and Social Research Council (United Kingdom), and the VENI Innovational Research Incentive Scheme (The Netherlands), and as a course instructor for training institutes in the United States and Europe.

Introduction to Social and Personality Neuroscience Methods	p. 1
What Is Social and Personality Neuroscience?	p. 2
Advantages of Social and Personality Neuroscience Methods	p. 3
Considerations for Using Neuroscience Methods	p. 4
Overview of Chapters	p. 5
Collaborations in Social and Personality Neuroscience	p. 10
Communicating Expectations Clearly from the Start	p. 11
Developing a Mutually Beneficial Relationship	p. 12
Evaluating a Potential Collaboration	p. 14
What If Problems Develop?	p. 15
Conclusion	p. 16
Assessment of Salivary Harmones	p. 17
A Primer on Concepts and Measurement Issues in Behavioral Endocrinology	p. 17
Using Salivary Hormone Assays in Psychological Research: A Guided Tour	p. 21
Advantages and Disadvantages of Salivary Hormone Measures	p. 35
PC-Administered Screening Questionnaire Used in Studies with Hormone Assessments	p. 39
Neuroendocrine Manipulation of the Sexually Dimorphic Human Social Brain	p. 45
The Sexually Dimorphic Social Brain	p. 45
The Neuroendocrine Social Brain	p. 46
Sex Steroids and Social Peptides	p. 48
Estradiol: The Mysterious Female Sex Steroid	p. 50
Testosterone: The Notorious Male Sex Steroid	p. 52
Vasopressin: The Peptide of War	p. 58
Oxytocin: The Peptide of Love	p. 61
A Neuroendocrine Framework for Social Cognition	p. 63
Facial EMG	p. 70
What Does Facial EMG Measure?	p. 70
Recording the Signal	p. 72
Some Methodological Considerations	p. 77
Analyzing EMG Date	p. 78
Some Research Examples	p. 81
Summary	p. 86
The Startle Eyeblink Response	p. 92
What Is Startle, and Why Use it?	p. 93
Measuring the Startle Response	p. 95
Using the Startle Response in Social and Personality Research	p. 98
Experimental Design Considerations	p. 108
Conclusions	p. 111
Assessing Autonomic Nervous System Activity	p. 118
Primary Techniques for Measuring ANS Responses	p. 119
ANS Responses in Social and Personality Psychology	p. 131
Experimental Design Considerations	p. 138
Future Directions	p. 143
Patient Methodologies for the Study of Personality and Social Processes	p. 148
General Issues to Consider in Designing a Study with Patients	p. 149
Issues to Consider in Planning Studies with Specific Patient Populations	p. 155
Patients with Brain Injury Resulting from Trauma, Stroke, or Dementia	p. 155
Patients with Social and Personality Deficits Resulting from Depression and Autism Spectrum Disorders	p. 160
Conclusion	p. 165
Electroencephalographic Methods in Social and Personality Psychology	p. 170
Physiology Underlying Electroencephalography	p. 170
Recording	p. 172
Preparing the Participant	p. 174
Artifacts	p. 177
Offline Data Processing	p. 178
Research Examples	p. 182
Advantages and Disadvantages of EEG Methods	p. 189
Conclusion	p. 191
Using Event-Related Brain Potentials in Social Psychological Research: A Brief Review and Tutorial	p. 198
What is the ERP?	p. 199
Measuring ERPs	p. 201
Interpreting ERP Data	p. 205
Examples of ERP Research in Social Neuroscience	p. 210
Methodological Issues for ERP Research in Social Neuroscience	p. 219
Practical Considerations for Conducting ERP Research	p. 223
Conclusions	p. 225
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation	p. 233
Historical Background	p. 233
Basic Characteristics of TMS	p. 235
Repetitive TMS	p. 237
Single-and Paired-Pulse TMS	p. 242
Discussion	p. 249
Conclusion	p. 252
Using Connectionist Networks to Understand Neurobiological Processes in Social and Personality Psychology	p. 259
Description of a Neural Network Model	p. 263
Description of Leabra Implementation	p. 265
Two Examples of Neural Network Simulations of Personality and Social Behavior	p. 269
Concerns for Potential Modelers	p. 287
Conclusion	p. 289
Molecular Biology and Genomic Imaging in Social and Personality Psychology	p. 295
Relevance to Social and Personality Psychology	p. 296
Genetics and the Personality Trait of Neuroticism	p. 297
Genomic Imaging	p. 297
Design Issues in fMRI: Selection of the Baseline Condition	p. 298
Designing Analyses to Include Environmental Factors	p. 302
Understanding Environmental influences through Epigenetics	p. 304
Other Methodological and Practical Issues	p. 305
Concluding Comments	p. 309
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Affective and Social Neurosciences	p. 313
What Does fMRI Measure?	p. 314
Some Advantages of fMRI	p. 315
Some Limitations of fMRI	p. 315
Experimental Design Considerations	p. 317
Combining fMRI with Other Online Measures: Behavior and Physiology	p. 324
Individual Differences in Social and Affective Style, Personality, and Temperament	p. 325
Functional and Effective Connectivity	p. 326
Considering Model Habituation or Familiarity Effects	p. 327
Future Directions in Social and Affective Brain Imaging	p. 328
Summing Up: How Can fMRI Contribute to Social Neuroscience?	p. 330
Index	p. 337
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Methods in Social Neuroscience

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Table of Contents

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