Wireless Communication Security

Presenting the concepts and advances of wireless communication security, this volume, written and edited by a global team of experts, also goes into the practical applications for the engineer, student, and other industry professionals.

Covering a broad range of topics in wireless communication security and its solutions, this outstanding new volume is of great interest to engineers, scientists, and students from a variety of backgrounds and interests. Focusing on providing the theory of wireless communication within the framework of its practical applications, the contributors take on a wealth of topics, integrating seemingly diverse areas under one cover.

Wireless Communication Security has been divided into five units. The first unit presents the different protocols and standards for developing a real-time wireless communication security. The second unit presents different widely accepted networks, which are the core of wireless communication security. Unit three presents the various device and network controlling methodologies. Unit four presents the various high performance and computationally efficient algorithms for efficient and scalable implementation of network protocols, and the last unit presents the leading innovations and variety of usage of wireless communication security. Valuable as a learning tool for beginners in this area as well as a daily reference for engineers and scientists working in these areas, this is a must-have for any library.

Manju Khari, PhD, is an assistant professor in AIACTR, affiliated with GGSIP University, Delhi, India. She is also the professor-in-charge of the IT Services of the Institute and has experience of more than twelve years in network planning and management. She holds a PhD in computer science and engineering from the National Institute of Technology, Patna.

Manisha Bhari, PhD, is an assistant professor at the National Institute of Technology (NIT) Delhi, India. She received her PhD from IKG Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar and has over 12 years of teaching and research experience. 

M. Niranjanamurthy, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Computer Applications, M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore, Karnataka. He earned his PhD in computer science at JJTU.  He has over 10 years of teaching experience and two years of industry experience as a software engineer.  He has two patents to his credit and has won numerous awards.  He has published four books, and he is currently working on numerous books for Scrivener Publishing.  He has also published over 50 papers in scholarly journals. 

Preface xiii

1 M2M in 5G Cellular Networks: Challenges, Proposed Solutions, and Future Directions 1
Kiran Ahuja and Indu Bala

1.1 Introduction 2

1.2 Literature Survey 5

1.3 Survey Challenges and Proposed Solutions of M2M 7

1.3.1 PARCH Overload Problem 8

1.3.2 Inefficient Radio Resource Utilization and Allocation 10

1.3.3 M2M Random Access Challenges 12

1.3.4 Clustering Techniques 13

1.3.5 QoS Provisioning for M2M Communications 15

1.3.6 Less Cost and Low Power Device Requirements 16

1.3.7 Security and Privacy 17

1.4 Conclusion 18

References 19

2 MAC Layer Protocol for Wireless Security 23
Sushmita Kumari and Manisha Bharti

2.1 Introduction 23

2.2 MAC Layer 24

2.2.1 Centralized Control 24

2.2.2 Deterministic Access 24

2.2.3 Non-Deterministic Access 24

2.3 Functions of the MAC Layer 25

2.4 MAC Layer Protocol 25

2.4.1 Random Access Protocol 26

2.4.2 Controlled Access Protocols 29

2.4.3 Channelization 31

2.5 MAC Address 31

2.6 Conclusion and Future Scope 33

References 33

3 Enhanced Image Security Through Hybrid Approach: Protect Your Copyright Over Digital Images 35
Shaifali M. Arora and Poonam Kadian

3.1 Introduction 36

3.2 Literature Review 38

3.3 Design Issues 40

3.3.1 Robustness Against Various Attack Conditions 40

3.3.2 Distortion and Visual Quality 41

3.3.3 Working Domain 42

3.3.4 Human Visual System (HVS) 43

3.3.5 The Trade-Off between Robustness and Imperceptibility 43

3.3.6 Computational Cost 43

3.4 A Secure Grayscale Image Watermarking Based on DWT-SVD 43

3.5 Experimental Results 45

3.6 Conclusion 52

References 52

4 Quantum Computing 59
Manisha Bharti and Tanvika Garg

4.1 Introduction 59

4.2 A Brief History of Quantum Computing 60

4.3 Postulate of Quantum Mechanics 61

4.4 Polarization and Entanglement 61

4.5 Applications and Advancements 63

4.5.1 Cryptography, Teleportation and Communication Networks 63

4.5.2 Quantum Computing and Memories 63

4.5.3 Satellite Communication Based on Quantum Computing 64

4.5.4 Machine Learning & Artificial Intelligence 65

4.6 Optical Quantum Computing 65

4.7 Experimental Realisation of Quantum Computer 66

4.7.1 Hetero-Polymers 66

4.7.2 Ion Traps 67

4.7.3 Quantum Electrodynamics Cavity 67

4.7.4 Quantum Dots 67

4.8 Challenges of Quantum Computing 67

4.9 Conclusion and Future Scope 68

References 68

5 Feature Engineering for Flow-Based IDS 69
Rahul B. Adhao and Vinod K. Pachghare

5.1 Introduction 70

5.1.1 Intrusion Detection System 71

5.1.2 IDS Classification 71

5.2 IP Flows 72

5.2.1 The Architecture of Flow-Based IDS 73

5.2.2 Wireless IDS Designed Using Flow-Based Approach 73

5.2.3 Comparison of Flow- and Packet-Based IDS 74

5.3 Feature Engineering 75

5.3.1 Curse of Dimensionality 76

5.3.2 Feature Selection 78

5.3.3 Feature Categorization 78

5.4 Classification of Feature Selection Technique 78

5.4.1 The Wrapper, Filter, and Embedded Feature Selection 78

5.4.2 Correlation, Consistency, and PCA-Based Feature Selection 80

5.4.3 Similarity, Information Theoretical, Sparse Learning, and Statistical-Based Feature Selection 80

5.4.4 Univariate and Multivariate Feature Selection 81

5.5 Tools and Library for Feature Selection 82

5.6 Literature Review on Feature Selection in Flow-Based IDS 82

5.7 Challenges and Future Scope 86

5.8 Conclusions 87

Acknowledgement 87

References 88

6 Environmental Aware Thermal (EAT) Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks 91
B. Banuselvasaraswathy and Vimalathithan Rathinasabapathy

6.1 Introduction 92

6.1.1 Single Path Routing Protocol 93

6.1.2 Multipath Routing Protocol 94

6.1.3 Environmental Influence on WSN 96

6.2 Motivation Behind the Work 97

6.3 Novelty of This Work 98

6.4 Related Works 99

6.5 Proposed Environmental Aware Thermal (EAT) Routing Protocol 102

6.5.1 Sensor Node Environmental Modeling and Analysis 104

6.5.2 Single Node Environmental Influence Modeling 105

6.5.3 Multiple Node Modeling 106

6.5.4 Sensor Node Surrounding Temperature Field 106

6.5.5 Sensor Node Remaining Energy Calculation 107

6.5.6 Delay Modeling 107

6.6 Simulation Parameters 108

6.7 Results and Discussion 109

6.7.1 Temperature Influence on Network 109

6.7.2 Power Consumption 109

6.7.3 Lifetime Analysis 110

6.7.4 Delay Analysis 111

6.8 Conclusion 112

References 112

7 A Comprehensive Study of Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems 115
Bhoopesh Singh Bhati, Dikshita, Nitesh Singh Bhati and Garvit Chugh

7.1 Introduction 116

7.1.1 Intrusion and Detection 116

7.1.2 Some Basic Definitions 116

7.1.3 Intrusion Detection and Prevention System 117

7.1.4 Need for IDPS: More Than Ever 118

7.1.5 Introduction to Alarms 118

7.1.6 Components of an IDPS 119

7.2 Configuring IDPS 120

7.2.1 Network Architecture of IDPS 120

7.2.2 A Glance at Common Types 121

7.2.2.1 Network-Based IDS 123

7.2.2.2 Host-Based IDS 124

7.2.3 Intrusion Detection Techniques 125

7.2.3.1 Conventional Techniques 125

7.2.3.2 Machine Learning-Based and Hybrid Techniques 128

7.2.4 Three Considerations 131

7.2.4.1 Location of Sensors 131

7.2.4.2 Security Capabilities 131

7.2.4.3 Management Capabilities 133

7.2.5 Administrators’ Functions 134

7.2.5.1 Deployment 134

7.2.5.2 Testing 134

7.2.5.3 Security Consideration of IDPS 135

7.2.5.4 Regular Backups and Monitoring 135

7.2.6 Types of Events Detected 135

7.2.7 Role of State in Network Security 136

7.3 Literature Review 137

7.4 Conclusion 138

References 139

8 Hardware Devices Integration With IoT 143
Sushant Kumar and Saurabh Mukherjee

8.1 Introduction 143

8.2 Literature Review 144

8.3 Component Description 146

8.3.1 Arduino Board UNO 146

8.3.2 Raspberry Pi 147

8.4 Case Studies 148

8.4.1 Ultrasonic Sensor 148

8.4.2 Temperature and Humidity Sensor 150

8.4.3 Weather Monitoring System Using Raspberry Pi 151

8.5 Drawbacks of Arduino and Raspberry Pi 153

8.6 Challenges in IoT 154

8.6.1 Design Challenges 154

8.6.2 Security Challenges 155

8.6.3 Development Challenges 155

8.7 Conclusion 155

8.8 Annexures 156

References 157

Additional Resources 158

9 Depth Analysis On DoS & DDoS Attacks 159
Gaurav Nayak, Anjana Mishra, Uditman Samal and Brojo Kishore Mishra

9.1 Introduction 160

9.1.1 Objective and Motivation 161

9.1.2 Symptoms and Manifestations 163

9.2 Literature Survey 163

9.3 Timeline of DoS and DDoS Attacks 164

9.4 Evolution of Denial of Service (DoS) & Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) 165

9.5 DDoS Attacks: A Taxonomic Classification 166

9.5.1 Classification Based on Degree of Automation 166

9.5.2 Classification Based on Exploited Vulnerability 167

9.5.3 Classification Based on Rate Dynamics of Attacks 168

9.5.4 Classification Based on Impact 168

9.6 Transmission Control Protocol 169

9.6.1 TCP Three-Way Handshake 169

9.7 User Datagram Protocol 170

9.7.1 UDP Header 170

9.8 Types of DDoS Attacks 170

9.8.1 TCP SYN Flooding Attack 171

9.8.2 UDP Flooding Attack 172

9.8.3 Smurf Attack 172

9.8.4 Ping of Death Attack 173

9.8.5 HTTP Flooding Attack 174

9.9 Impact of DoS/DDoS on Various Areas 175

9.9.1 DoS/DDoS Attacks on VoIP Networks Using SIP 175

9.9.2 DoS/DDoS Attacks on VANET 175

9.9.3 DoS/DDoS Attacks on Smart Grid System 176

9.9.4 DoS/DDoS Attacks in IoT-Based Devices 176

9.10 Countermeasures to DDoS Attack 177

9.10.1 Prevent Being Agent/Secondary Target 177

9.10.2 Detect and Neutralize Attacker 178

9.10.3 Potential Threats Detection/Prevention 178

9.10.4 DDoS Attacks and How to Avoid Them 178

9.10.5 Deflect Attack 178

9.10.6 Post-Attack Forensics 179

9.11 Conclusion 179

9.12 Future Scope 180

References 180

10 SQL Injection Attack on Database System 183
Mohit Kumar

10.1 Introduction 183

10.1.1 Types of Vulnerabilities 184

10.1.2 Types of SQL Injection Attack 185

10.1.3 Impact of SQL Injection Attack 186

10.2 Objective and Motivation 186

10.3 Process of SQL Injection Attack 188

10.4 Related Work 188

10.5 Literature Review 189

10.6 Implementation of the SQL Injection Attack 192

10.6.1 Access the Database Using the 1=1 SQL Injection Statement 192

10.6.2 Access the Database Using the ““=’’’’ SQL Injection Statement 193

10.6.3 Access and Upgrade the Database by Using Batch SQL Injection Statement 194

10.7 Detection of SQL Injection Attack 196

10.8 Prevention/Mitigation from SQL Injection Attack 196

10.9 Conclusion 197

References 197

11 Machine Learning Techniques for Face Authentication System for Security Purposes 199
Vibhuti Jain, Madhavendra Singh and Jagannath Jayanti

11.1 Introduction 200

11.2 Face Recognition System (FRS) in Security 201

11.3 Theory 202

11.3.1 Neural Networks 202

11.3.2 Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) 204

11.3.3 K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) 207

11.3.4 Support Vector Machine (SVM) 208

11.3.5 Logistic Regression (LR) 209

11.3.6 Naive Bayes (NB) 210

11.3.7 Decision Tree (DT) 211

11.4 Experimental Methodology 212

11.4.1 Dataset 212

11.4.2 Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) 212

11.4.3 Other Machine Learning Techniques 215

11.5 Results 218

11.6 Conclusion 220

References 220

12 Estimation of Computation Time for Software-Defined Networking-Based Data Traffic Offloading System in Heterogeneous Network 223
Shashila S. Abayagunawardhana, Malka N. Halgamuge and Charitha Subhashi Jayasekara

12.1 Introduction 224

12.1.1 Motivation 225

12.1.2 Objective 228

12.1.3 The Main Contributions of This Chapter 228

12.2 Analysis of SDN-TOS Mechanism 229

12.2.1 Key Components of SDN-TOS 229

12.2.2 LTE/Wi-Fi in a Heterogeneous Network (HetNet) 229

12.2.3 Centralized SDN Controller 229

12.2.4 Key Design Considerations of SDN-TOS 230

12.2.4.1 The System Architecture 230

12.2.4.2 Mininet Wi-Fi Emulated Networks 230

12.2.4.3 Software-Defined Networking Controller 231

12.3 Materials and Methods 232

12.3.1 Estimating Time Consumption for Mininet Wi-Fi Emulator 232

12.3.1.1 Total Time Consumption for Offloading the Data Traffic by Service Provider 233

12.3.1.2 Total Time Consumption of Mininet Wi-Fi Emulator (Time Consumption for Both LTE and Wi-Fi Network) 236

12.3.2 Estimating Time Consumption for SDN Controller 237

12.3.2.1 Total Response Time for Sub-Controller 237

12.3.2.2 Total Response Time for The Total Process of Centralized SDN Controller 238

12.3.3 Estimating Total Time Consumption for SDN-Based Traffic Offloading System (sdn-tos) 239

12.4 Simulation Results 240

12.4.1 Effect of Computational Data Traffic θ_I on Total Response Time (T_A)/Service Provider A and CSP Approach 242

12.4.2 Effect of Computational Data Traffic θ_I on Total Response Time (T_A) for Different Service Providers/Service Provider A and Service Provider B 243

12.5 Discussion 244

12.6 Conclusion 246

References 247

About the Editors 253

Index 255

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