WreckProtect : Decay and Protection of

Ever since the beginning of seafaring, wooden ships have been lost or wrecked in the seas and oceans of the world. The remains of these wrecks form the under water cultural heritage and provide significant archaeological and historical evidence of our seafaring past. Yet if care is not taken this resource can be lost due to natural and cultural processes of decay. This book stems from the results of an interdisciplinary European Union supported research project, WreckProtect, which investigated the decay and preservation of wooden shipwrecks under water in the Baltic Sea. The Baltic Sea is a unique resource for wooden shipwrecks that have, in part, survived intact due to its brackish waters preventing the growth of shipworm. The book is not limited to the decay of wrecks in the Baltic alone and is aimed at all stakeholders with a vested interest in the protection of the underwater cultural heritage including marine archaeologists, conservators, engineers, and students in related fields at universities around the world.

Preface	p. 1
Introduction	p. 3
Introduction to the Project	p. 3
Objectives and main achievements	p. 5
The Baltic Sea: a unique resource of underwater cultural heritage	p. 7
An archive under water	p. 7
Case studies	p. 10
Vrouw Maria	p. 10
"Kraveln". The wreck of an early carvel-built ship at Franska Stenarna, Stockholm Archipelago, Sweden	p. 13
The Ghost Ship: a 17^th-century Dutch ship on the bottom of the Baltic Sea	p. 17
Kronan	p. 19
Stinesminde: a well-preserved 17^th-century wreck from Mariager Fjord, Denmark	p. 23
The Kolding cog	p. 25
Other European Waters	p. 27
The North Sea and Wadden Sea	p. 27
The Mediterranean - a contrast to the Baltic case studies	p. 29
The Baltic Sea environment	p. 35
Introduction	p. 35
The geological history	p. 37
The Baltic Sea's physical characteristics	p. 41
Wood as Material	p. 51
Structure and classification	p. 51
Wood anatomy	p. 53
Wood chemistry and physics	p. 54
Durability of wood species	p. 55
Wood degraders in the Baltic Sea	p. 57
Marine wood borers	p. 57
The biology and life cycle of Teredo navalis	p. 58
The ecology of Teredo navalis	p. 60
The effect of Teredo attacks on shipwrecks	p. 62
Detection of shipworm attacks	p. 64
Fungi and bacterial decay	p. 65
Aquatic wood-degrading fungi	p. 66
Aquatic wood-degrading bacteria	p. 67
Importance of wood species	p. 71
Speed of microbial decay	p. 72
Summary	p. 72
The decay process of shipwrecks timbers in the Baltic	p. 73
General decay processes of wood timbers	p. 73
Decay processes in sediment	p. 74
Human impact	p. 76
Decay rate of shipwrecks	p. 78
Collapse of shipwreck timber structures	p. 79
Spread of shipworm into the Baltic	p. 81
Introduction	p. 81
Shipworm: an old story of trouble	p. 82
The spread of the shipworm into the Baltic: a brief history	p. 88
Where are they today?	p. 90
A new GIS tool for the detection of "Hot Spot" areas	p. 91
Risk of spread: modelling results	p. 96
In-situ Preservation of a wreck site	p. 107
Introduction	p. 107
What will we protect against?	p. 108
Methods for the protection of Wrecks	p. 110
Evaluation of methods	p. 111
Covering methods	p. 111
Barrier methods	p. 121
Follow up: monitoring as part of management	p. 121
Guidelines for the protection of wrecks	p. 126
Costs for in-situ preservation versus full conservation	p. 127
Future Research	p. 131
References and Suggested reading	p. 135
List of authors	p. 153
Acknowledgements	p. 155
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

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WreckProtect : Decay and Protection of Archaeological Wooden Shipwrecks

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