Visual Marketing 99 Proven Ways for Small

Annelids offer a diversity of experimentally accessible features making them a rich experimental subject across the biological sciences, including evolutionary development, neurosciences and stem cell research. This volume introduces the Annelids and their utility in evolutionary developmental biology, neurobiology, and environmental/ecological studies, including extreme environments. The book demonstrates the variety of fields in which Annelids are already proving to be a useful experimental system. Describing the utility of Annelids as a research model, this book is an invaluable resource for all researchers in the field.

DAVID LANGTON is a visual communication designer, blogger, and author on visual design. He has more than 20 years experience providing conceptual direction for Fortune 500 companies and small businesses. He is cofounder of?Langton Cherubino Group, a communications design firm, based in NYC, dedicated to improving the way that businesses and their audiences interact.

ANITA CAMPBELL is CEO and founder of Small Business Trends, smallbiztrends.com, an award-winning website reaching over 300,000 small-business owners each month. She hosts a weekly Internet radio podcast show featuring interviews with small-business owners and entrepreneurs and owns BizSugar, another small-business social media site.

Preface
Contributors
Annelids as Model Systems in Biology
Developing Models for Lophotrochozoan and Annelid Biology
Introduction
Phylogenetic Considerations
Genetic and Developmental Tools
Annelid Model Organisms
Other Potential Annelid Models
Annelid Phylogeny—Molecular Analysis with an Emphasis on Model Annelids
Introduction
Genes
Molecular Annelid Phylogeny
Choosing Model Organisms
Branch Lengths
Problems in Inferring Annelid Phylogeny
Conclusions
Cryptic Speciation in Clitellate Model Organisms
Introduction
Sources and Kinds of Variation
Examples of Clitellate Model Organisms
Cryptic Speciation
Conclusions and Recommendations
Annelid Life Cycle Cultures
Introduction
Criteria for the Selection of Species
Summary of Culture Techniques
Life Cycle Cultures of Polychaeta
Life Cycle Cultures of Oligochaeta
Life Cycle Cultures of Hirudinea (Leeches)
Evolution and Development
Annelids in Evolutionary Developmental Biology
Introduction
EvoâÇôDevo Today
EvoâÇôDevo as Comparative Biology
Why Annelid Development Is Interesting for Metazoan EvoâÇôDevo Biologists
Case Study 1: Segmentation
Case Study 2: Spiral Cleavage and Axis Specifi cation
Tools for Analyzing Molecular Mechanisms of Development
The Future of the Annelid Model Systems for EvoâÇôDevo
Evolution, Development and Ecology of Capitella sp. I: A Waxing Model for Polychaete Studies
Introduction
Speciation Studies
Capitella Sp. 1 Morphology
Replacement of Lost Segments and Reproductive TradeâÇôOffs
Metatrochophores, Ciliary Bands and Musculature
Gene Expression during the Specifi cation and Differentiation of Germ Layers
Sex among the Vermes
Annelids and the Segmentation Debate
AâÇôP Polarity—Hox and ParaHox Genes
Annelid Genomics: Draft Genome Sequence
The Future—Where Is This Going?
Stem Cell Genesis and Differentiation in Leech
Introduction
Stem Cell Genesis and Development
Factors Affecting Stem Cell Genesis
Stem Cell Differentiation
Gene Expression
Conclusion
Neurobiology and Regeneration
Cellular and Behavioral Properties of Learning in Leech and Other Annelids
Introduction
Learning in the Leech WholeâÇôBody Shortening Refl ex and Role of the S Interneuron
Role of the S Interneuron: Modulation of Excitability
Learning in the Leech Swim Circuit
Using the Leech to Study Intrinsic Forms of Sensitization
Synaptic Plasticity in Leech CNS
Conclusions
Development, Regeneration and Immune Responses of the Leech Nervous System
Introduction
Background
Recent Work on the Development of the Nervous System
Neuronal Regeneration and Repair
Neuroimmune Responses
Cellular and Humoral Immune Mechanisms: A Leech Innate Immune Response
Conclusions and Future Directions
Lumbriculus variegatus and the Need for Speed: A Model System for Rapid Escape, Regeneration and Asexual Reproduction
Introduction
Neural Regeneration in Oligochaetes
Lumbriculus variegatus, a Model System for Regeneration and Asexual Reproduction
Neural Morphallaxis
Accessible Model for Life Science Education
Environmental and Ecological Studies
Polychaetes in Environmental Studies
Introduction
Estuarine Occurrence
Intertidal Occurrence
Mussel Beds
Sea Grasses
Sabellarid and Serpulid Reefs
Benthic Community Structure
Unusual Benthic Habitats
Feeding Guilds
Algal âÇ£GardeningâÇ Behavior
Polychaetes as Environmental Indicators and Remediators
Biomonitoring
Toxicological Tests
Economic Importance of Polychaetes
Conclusions
Oligochaete Worms for Ecotoxicological Assessment of Soils and Sediments
Introduction
Principles of Environmental Risk Assessment
Soil Tests with Lumbricidae
Soil Tests with Enchytraeidae
Sediment Tests with Lumbriculidae and Tubifi cidae
Oligochaetes in Ecotoxicology
Conclusions
Evolution and Ecology of Ophryotrocha (Dorvilleidae, Eunicida)
Introduction
General Morphology
Taxonomic and Phylogenetic Considerations
Reproductive Biology
Ecology
Future Research
Cosmopolitan Earthworms—A Global and Historical Perspective
Introduction
Number of Earthworm Species
Characteristics and Origins of Cosmopolitan Earthworms
Overview of Results
Discussion
Regional Species Totals and Proportions of Exotics
Earthworms, Archaeology and Human History
Benefi ts and Risks of Earthworm Transportations
Conclusions
Extreme Environments and Biological Novelties
Hydrothermal Vent Annelids
Introduction
Alvinella pompejana: a Symbiotic System
Temperature Adaptation
Temperature Adaptation at a Molecular Level
Alvinella Tubes
Collagens
Temperature Adaptation at a Cellular Level: the Case of Developing Embryos
Behavioral Adaptation to a HighâÇôTemperature Environment
Future Development of Thermal Adaptation Studies
Perspectives
Glacier Ice Worms
Introduction
Natural History
Classifi cation and Phylogenetic Relationships
Origins
Clades
Physiology
Conservation Status
Sperm Ultrastructure in Assessing Phylogenetic Relationships among Clitellate Annelids
Introduction
The Spermatozoon of Propappus volki (Michaelsen 1916)
Sperm Ultrastructure in Branchiobdellids, Acanthobdella peledina, and Hirudineans
Sperm Ultrastructure inside Tubifi cidae
Plesiomorphic Spermatozoon of Clitellates and Spermatological Apomorphic Trends
Patterns of Spermatological Characters among Clitellates
Clitellate Cocoons and Their Secretion
Introduction
Reproductive Biology
Clitellum and CGCs
Cocoon Production
Brooding Behavior within Glossiphoniidae
Cocoon Structure: Surface Topology and Ultrastructural Properties
Evolution of Clitellate Cocoons and Their Secretion
Biomaterials Applications
Index
Table of Contents provided by Publisher. All Rights Reserved.

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Visual Marketing 99 Proven Ways for Small Businesses to Market with Images and Design

Summary

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