Mechanical Properties of Ceramics

, by Wachtman, John B.; Cannon, W. Roger; Matthewson, M. John

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ISBN: 9780471735816 | 0471735817
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 4/20/2009

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Mechanical Properties of Ceramics, Second Edition deals thoroughly with causes of mechanical failure of ceramics (including glass) and design for failure avoidance. Experimental facts and theoretical foundations for mechanical behavior are treated. Probabilistic and mechanistic methods of safe design are described and combined to provide design techniques both for moderate temperatures (brittle behavior) and high temperatures (creep behavior). The competing roles of microstructure in weakening and toughening ceramics are explored and interpreted in terms of reliability improvement through processing for controlled and tailored microstructures.

Preface	p. xiii
Acknowledgments	p. xv
Stress and Strain	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Tensor Notation for Stress	p. 5
Stress in Rotated Coordinate System	p. 8
Principal Stress	p. 11
Principal Stresses in Three Dimensions	p. 15
Stress Invariants	p. 16
Stress Deviator	p. 16
Strain	p. 17
True Strees and True Strain	p. 20
True Strain	p. 21
True Stress	p. 22
Problems	p. 23
Types of Mechanical Behavior	p. 27
Introduction	p. 27
Elasticity and Brittle Fracture	p. 28
Permanent Deformation	p. 31
Elasticity	p. 35
Introduction	p. 35
Elasticity of Isotropic Bodies	p. 35
Reduced Notation for Stresses, Strains, and Elastic Constants	p. 38
Effect of Symmetry on Elastic Constants	p. 41
Orientation Dependence of Elastic Moduli in Single Crystals and Composites	p. 43
Values of Polycrystalline Moduli in Terms of Single-Crystal Constants	p. 44
Variation of Elastic Constants with Lattice Parameter	p. 45
Variation of Elastic Constants with Temperature	p. 47
Elastic Properties of Porous Ceramics	p. 49
Stored Elastic Energy	p. 52
Problems	p. 53
Strength of Defect-Free Solids	p. 55
Introduction	p. 55
Theoretical Strength in Tension	p. 55
Theoretical Strength in Shear	p. 59
Problems	p. 60
Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics	p. 63
Introduction	p. 63
Stress Concentrations	p. 64
Griffith Theory of Fracture of a Brittle Solid	p. 65
Stress at Crack Tip: An Estimate	p. 69
Crack Shape in Brittle Solids	p. 70
Irwin Formulation of Fracture Mechanics: Stress Intensity Factor	p. 71
Irwin Formulation of Fracture Mechanics: Energy Release Rate	p. 75
Relationship between G and KI	p. 76
Some Useful Stress Intensity Factors	p. 79
The J Integral	p. 81
Cracks with Internal Loading	p. 83
Failure under Multiaxial Stress	p. 85
Problems	p. 87
Measurements of Elasticity, Strength, and Fracture Toughness	p. 89
Introduction	p. 89
Tensile Tests	p. 91
Flexure Test	p. 95
Three-Point Bending	p. 98
Four-Point Bending	p. 100
Fracture Toughness Measurement by Bending	p. 101
Double-Cantilever-Beam Test	p. 104
Double-Torsion Test	p. 106
Indentation Test	p. 106
Direct Method	p. 108
Indirect Method	p. 109
Modified Method	p. 111
Summary of the Three Methods	p. 112
ASTM Standard C 1421 Method	p. 112
Biaxial Flexure Testing	p. 113
Elastic Constant Determination Using Vibrational and Ultrasonic Methods	p. 113
Problems	p. 115
Statistical Treatment of Strength	p. 119
Introduction	p. 119
Statistical Distributions	p. 120
Strength Distribution Functions	p. 121
Gaussian, or Normal, Distribution	p. 122
Weibull Distribution	p. 122
Comparison of the Normal and Weibull Distributions	p. 124
Weakest Link Theory	p. 125
Determining Weibull Parameters	p. 128
Effect of Specimen Size	p. 129
Adaptation to Bend Testing	p. 130
Safety Factors	p. 136
Example of Safe Stress Calculation	p. 136
Proof Testing	p. 138
Use of Pooled Fracture Data in Linear Regression Determination of Weibull Parameters	p. 140
Method of Maximum Likelihood in Weibull Parameter Estimation	p. 141
Statistics of Failure under Multiaxial Stress	p. 144
Effects of Slow Crack Propagation and R-Curve Behavior on Statistical Distributions of Strength	p. 146
Surface Flaw Distributions and Multiple Flaw Distributions	p. 147
Problems	p. 149
Subcritical Crack Propagation	p. 151
Introduction	p. 151
Observed Subcritical Crack Propagation	p. 152
Crack Velocity Theory and Molecular Mechanism	p. 155
Time to Failure under Constant Stress	p. 158
Failure under Constant Stress Rate	p. 162
Comparison of Times to Failure under Constant Stress and Constant Stress Rate	p. 164
Relation of Weibull Statistical Parameters with and without Subcritical Crack Growth	p. 164
Construction of Strength-Probability-Time Diagrams	p. 166
Proof Testing to Guarantee Minimum Life	p. 171
Subcritical Crack Growth and Failure from Flaws Originating From Residual Stress Concentrations	p. 172
Slow Crack Propagation at High Temperature	p. 173
Problems	p. 175
Stable Crack Propagation and R-Curve Behavior	p. 177
Introduction	p. 177
R-Curve (T-Curve) Concept	p. 179
R-Curve Effects of Strength Distributions	p. 185
Effect of R Curve on Subcritical Crack Growth	p. 186
Problems	p. 186
Overview of Toughening Mechanisms in Ceramics	p. 189
Introduction	p. 189
Toughening by Crack Deflection	p. 191
Toughening by Crack Bowing	p. 193
General Remarks on Crack Tip Shielding	p. 194
Effect of Microstructure on Toughness and Strength	p. 199
Introduction	p. 199
Fracture Models in Polycrystalline Ceramics	p. 200
Crystalline Anisotropy in Polycrystalline Ceramics	p. 204
Effect of Grain Size on Toughness	p. 207
Natural Flaws in Polycrystalline Ceramics	p. 210
Effect of Grain Size on Fracture Strength	p. 212
Effect of Second-Phase Particles on Fracture Strength	p. 217
Relationship between Strength and Toughness	p. 219
Effect of Porosity on Toughness and Strength	p. 220
Fracture of Traditional Ceramics	p. 222
Problems	p. 224
Toughening by Transformation	p. 227
Introduction	p. 227
Basic Facts of Transformation Toughening	p. 228
Theory of Transformation Toughening	p. 230
Shear-Dilatant Transformation Theory	p. 233
Grain-Size-Dependent Transformation Behavior	p. 233
Application of Theory to Ca-Stabilized Zirconia	p. 242
Problems	p. 245
Mechanical Properties of Continuous-Fiber-Reinforced Ceramic Matrix Composites	p. 249
Introduction	p. 249
Elastic Behavior of Composites	p. 250
Fracture Behavior of Composites with Continuous, Aligned Fibers	p. 253
Complete Matrix Cracking of Composites with Continuous, Aligned Fibers	p. 255
Propagation of Short, Fully Bridged Cracks	p. 260
Propagation of Partially Bridged Cracks	p. 264
Additional Treatment of Crack-Bridging Effects	p. 267
Additional Statistical Treatments	p. 269
Summary of Fiber-Toughening Mechanisms	p. 270
Other Failure Mechanisms in Continuous, Aligned-Fiber Composites	p. 270
Tensile Stress-Strain Curve of Continuous, Aligned-Fiber Composites	p. 271
Laminated Composites	p. 273
Problems	p. 274
Mechanical Properties of Whisker-, Ligament-, and Platelet-Reinforced Ceramic Matrix Composites	p. 277
Introduction	p. 277
Model for Whisker Toughening	p. 278
Combined Toughening Mechanisms in Whisker-Reinforced Composites	p. 288
Ligament-Reinforced Ceramic Matrix Composites	p. 288
Platelet-Reinforced Ceramic Matrix Composites	p. 289
Problems	p. 289
Cyclic Fatigue of Ceramics	p. 291
Introduction	p. 291
Cyclic Fatigue of Metals	p. 292
Cyclic Fatigue of Ceramics	p. 295
Mechanisms of Cyclic Fatigue of Ceramics	p. 298
Cyclic Fatigue by Degradation of Crack Bridges	p. 298
Short-Crack Fatigue of Ceramics	p. 298
Implications of Cyclic Fatigue in Design of Ceramics	p. 301
Problems	p. 301
Thermal Stress and Thermal Shock in Ceramics	p. 303
Introduction	p. 303
Magnitude of Thermal Stresses	p. 304
Figure of Merit for Various Thermal Stress Conditions	p. 304
Crack Propagation under Thermal Stress	p. 306
Problems	p. 313
Fractography	p. 317
Introduction	p. 317
Qualitative Features of Fracture Surfaces	p. 318
Quantitative Fractography	p. 325
Fractal Concepts in Fractography	p. 328
Fractography of Single Crystals and Polycrystals	p. 328
Problems	p. 330
Dislocations and Plastic Deformation in Ductile Crystals	p. 333
Introduction	p. 333
Definition of Dislocations	p. 334
Glide and Climb of Dislocations	p. 337
Force on a Dislocation	p. 337
Stress Field and Energy of a Dislocation	p. 339
Force Required to Move a Dislocation	p. 340
Line Tension of a Dislocation	p. 341
Dislocation Multiplication	p. 342
Forces between Dislocations	p. 343
Dislocation Pileups	p. 345
Orowan's Equation for Strain Rate	p. 346
Dislocation Velocity	p. 347
Hardening by Solid Solution and Precipitation	p. 348
Slip Systems	p. 349
Partial Dislocations	p. 351
Deformation Twinning	p. 353
Problems	p. 356
Dislocations and Plastic Deformation in Ceramics	p. 357
Introduction	p. 357
Slip Systems in Ceramics	p. 358
Independent Slip Systems	p. 359
Plastic Deformation in Single-Crystal Alumina	p. 360
Twinning in Aluminum Oxide	p. 366
Plastic Deformation of Single-Crystal Magnesium Oxide	p. 368
Plastic Deformation of Single-Crystal Cubic Zirconia	p. 369
Problems	p. 369
Creep in Ceramics	p. 371
Introduction	p. 371
Nabarro-Herring Creep	p. 373
Combined Diffusional Creep Mechanisms	p. 374
Power Law Creep	p. 376
Combined Diffusional and Power Law Creep	p. 378
Role of Grain Boundaries in High-Temperature Deformation and Failure	p. 379
Damage-Enhanced Creep	p. 380
Superplasticity	p. 382
Deformation Mechanism Maps	p. 388
Problems	p. 388
Creep Rupture at High Temperatures and Safe Life Design	p. 391
Introduction	p. 391
General Process of Creep Damage and Failure in Ceramics	p. 391
Monkman-Grant Technique of Life Prediction	p. 395
Two-Stage Strain Projection Technique	p. 397
Fracture Mechanism Maps	p. 399
Problems	p. 403
Hardness and Wear	p. 405
Introduction	p. 405
Spherical Indenters versus Sharp Indenters	p. 406
Methods of Hardness Measurement	p. 408
Deformation around Indentation	p. 410
Cracking around Indentation	p. 412
Indentation Size Effect	p. 413
Wear Resistance	p. 416
Problems	p. 421
Mechanical Properties of Glass and Glass Ceramics	p. 423
Introduction	p. 423
Typical Inorganic Glasses	p. 423
Viscosity of Glass	p. 424
Elasticity of Inorganic Glasses	p. 425
Strength and Fracture Surface Energy of Inorganic Glasses	p. 426
Achieving High Strength in Bulk Glasses	p. 427
Glass Ceramics	p. 429
Problems	p. 429
Mechanical Properties of Polycrystalline Ceramics in General and Design Considerations	p. 431
Introduction	p. 431
Mechanical Properties of Polycrystalline Ceramics in General	p. 432
Design Involving Mechanical Properties	p. 436
References	p. 439
Index	p. 473
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Mechanical Properties of Ceramics

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