Electron Diffraction in the Transmission Electron Microscope: Electron Diffraction in the Transmission Electron Microscope

, by Champness,P.E.

$Electron Diffraction in the Transmission Electron Microscope: Electron Diffraction in the Transmission Electron Microscope by Champness,P.E., 9781859961476$

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ISBN: 9781859961476 | 1859961479
Cover: Nonspecific Binding
Copyright: 7/1/2001

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Electron Diffraction in the Transmission Electron Microscopeexplains the basic methods of how to obtain images and patterns with the TEM, and how to interpret them. The TEMs are used in many labs, and allow users to explore the structure of a specimen of interest (e.g. a section through a particular material, crystal or tissue). This introductory-level guide looks at the patterns produced by diffracted electrons to study the appearance, orientation and structure of the sample. The book discusses useful case studies and examples to guide the new user and offers a user-friendly approach with simple explanations and informative illustrations.

Abbreviations

List of symbols

Preface

xiii

Diffraction and the electron microscope

(24)

How a lens forms a diffraction pattern

(3)

Introduction to diffraction in the TEM

(3)

SAD in the TEM

(1)

Low- (or small-) angle diffraction

(1)

Limitations to the accuracy of selected-area diffraction

(3)

Diffraction using small probes

(3)

Spatial resolution

(2)

Problems with specimens

(3)

Specimen preparation

(1)

Beam damage

(2)

Obtaining and recording a SAD pattern in the TEM

(2)

Obtaining a CBED pattern

(1)

TEM mode

(1)

STEM mode

(1)

Alignments that are important for diffraction

(3)

The reciprocal lattice and Bragg's Law

(30)

Electrons as waves

(1)

Interference of waves

(2)

Bragg's Law

(3)

The reciprocal lattice

(6)

The 180° ambiguity in indexing the diffraction pattern

(2)

Diffraction patterns from polycrystalline materials

(1)

Diffraction patterns from amorphous materials

(1)

Systematic absences

(2)

Standard patterns

(5)

Cubic patterns

(2)

Hexagonal close-packed patterns

(3)

Patterns from the diamond structure

(1)

Computer indexing of electron diffraction patterns

(4)

Input data

(3)

Measuring the pattern and indexing it--an example

(1)

Calibration of the camera constant

(1)

Calibration of the rotation between the image and the diffraction pattern

(2)

Using electron diffraction to identify unknown phases

(1)

Exercises

(2)

The reflecting sphere

(14)

The reflecting sphere

(5)

Obtaining orientation relationships

(2)

Second-phase particles or precipitates

(1)

Twinned crystals

(1)

Determining habit and composition planes

(4)

The importance of crystal orientation

(1)

Dark-field imaging

(1)

Exercises

(3)

Finding your way around reciprocal space: Kikuchi diffraction

(12)

How Kikuchi lines form

(5)

The determination of the deviation parameter s

(1)

Kikuchi maps and their uses

(4)

Finding the exact orientation of the crystal

(1)

Exercises

(3)

The intensities of reflections

(10)

The atomic scattering amplitude, f

(1)

The structure factor, Fhkl

(7)

Systematic absences due to lattice type

(1)

Crystal with a simple structure

(1)

Systematic absences due to translational symmetry elements

(4)

The kinematic and dynamical theories of electron diffraction

(2)

Measuring the structure factor, Fhkl, and the extinction distance, ξ

(1)

Exercises

(1)

Determination of the Bravais lattice, point group and space group

(22)

Determination of the crystal system from conventional electron diffraction patterns

(1)

Convergent-beam methods

(17)

Zonal repeats parallel to the electron beam

(2)

Geometry of CBED patterns from HOLZs

(2)

The symmetry of CBED patterns

(10)

The Tanaka method

106

(3)

Exercises

109

(4)

The fine structure in electron diffraction patterns

113

(20)

Double diffraction

113

(6)

Double diffraction of `forbidden' reflections

115

(1)

Double diffraction of spots from precipitates and twins

116

(1)

Detection of double diffraction in the microscope

116

(3)

Diffraction from small particles

119

(3)

The distribution of streaks in the diffraction pattern

120

(1)

The effects of elastic strain

121

(1)

Diffraction from ordered structures

122

(3)

Long-range order

122

(1)

Short-range order

123

(2)

Periodic and modulated structures

125

(3)

Spinodal decomposition and other compositional modulations

125

(1)

Periodic antiphase domain boundaries

126

(1)

Regular dislocation arrays

127

(1)

Incommensurate structures

128

(1)

Planar and linear defects

128

(3)

Thermal diffuse scattering

131

(1)

Exercises

131

(2)

Appendices

133

(34)

Appendix A: Some basic crystallography

133

(8)

Appendix B: An introduction to space groups

141

(6)

Appendix C: Some useful crystallographic relationships

147

(4)

Appendix D: Relativistic electron wavelengths

151

(2)

Appendix E: Mathematical definition of the reciprocal lattice

153

(2)

Appendix F: Computer programs concerning electron diffraction

155

(2)

Appendix G: Answers to exercises

157

(6)

Appendix H: References

163

(4)

Index

167

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Electron Diffraction in the Transmission Electron Microscope: Electron Diffraction in the Transmission Electron Microscope

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials