Handbook of Nonresponse in Household Surveys

This volume presents an all-inclusive guide to the problem of nonresponse in household surveys, providing an overview of the theory while also describing practical implications. The book begins with a general overview of the nonresponse problem, outlining existing sources of error and guidelines for calculating response rates according to various international standards. The theoretical content of survey sampling is also explored and presented in a chapter along with a discussion on nonresponse on survey estimates and missing data mechanisms. Subsequent chapters provide guidance on reducing and analyzing nonresponse, the concept of representativity, weighting adjustment techniques, and approaches for obtaining additional information from nonrespondents.Each chapter organizes the presented information in uniform components. Following an introduction, a description of the key theory and formulae is presented. Next, the discussed theory is applied to a real data set and accompanied with vivid descriptions. Example sets are spread throughout each chapter and a summary provides a brief overview of main points and concepts. Real data sets are used throughout the book and additional data sets available on the book's related Web site can be easily worked with using the Stata or SPSS software packages.

Jelke Bethilehem, PhD, is Senior Survey Methodologist in the Division of Methodology and Quality at Statistics Netherlands and Professor at the University of Amsterdam. His current research interests include web surveys, computer-assisted survey information collection, graphical techniques in statistics, and the development of user-friendly software for statistical analysis. Dr. Bethlehem is the author of Applied Survey Methods: A Statistical Perspective and coeditor of Computer Assisted Survey Information Collection, both published by Wiley. Fannie Cobben, PhD, is Project Manager at Statistics Netherlands, focusing on the redesign of household surveys. She has written several published papers on the topics of nonresponse, representativity, and adjustment methods in survey research. Barry Schouten, PhD, is Senior Methodologist in the Division of Methodology and Quality at Statistics Netherlands. Dr. Schouten's areas of research interest include nonresponse and response bias in mixed-mode surveys, indicators for representativeness of response, and adaptive and responsive survey designs.

Preface	p. xi
The Nonresponse Problem	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Theory	p. 3
Causes and Effect of Nonresponse	p. 3
Errors in Surveys	p. 7
Nonresponse and Undercoverage	p. 9
Response Rates	p. 11
Representativity	p. 16
Application	p. 17
Summary	p. 21
Key Terms	p. 21
References	p. 22
Exercises	p. 23
Basic Theoretical Concepts	p. 26
Introduction	p. 26
Theory	p. 27
Basic Concepts of Sampling	p. 27
Basic Concepts of Estimation	p. 31
The Fixed Response Model	p. 40
The Random Response Model	p. 43
The Effect of Nonresponse on the Confidence Interval	p. 45
Missing Data Mechanisms	p. 48
Application	p. 52
The Fixed Response Model	p. 52
The Random Response Model	p. 53
Summary	p. 57
Key Terms	p. 58
References	p. 59
Exercises	p. 60
Reducing Nonresponse	p. 63
Introduction	p. 63
Theory	p. 64
Introduction	p. 64
Influences of Sociodemographic and Survey Design Features	p. 66
Respondent-Interviewer Interaction	p. 67
Tailoring and Maintaining Interaction	p. 69
Application	p. 69
Introduction	p. 69
Language Problems	p. 70
Noncontact	p. 70
Refusals	p. 73
Summary	p. 79
Key Terms	p. 80
References	p. 81
Exercises	p. 82
Nonresponse and the Mode of Data Collection	p. 84
Introduction	p. 84
The Early History	p. 84
The Rise of Sampling	p. 85
The Impact of Computer Technology	p. 88
Theory	p. 93
Face-to-Face Surveys	p. 93
Telephone Surveys	p. 95
Mail Surveys	p. 98
Web Surveys	p. 100
Mixed Mode Surveys	p. 105
Application	p. 113
Summary	p. 115
Key Terms	p. 116
References	p. 117
Exercises	p. 120
Analysis of Nonresponse	p. 122
Introduction	p. 122
Theory	p. 122
How to Detect a Bias?	p. 122
Where to Find Auxiliary Variables?	p. 124
Methods of Analysis	p. 125
Application	p. 127
Bivariate Analysis	p. 127
Multivariate Analysis	p. 138
Summary	p. 143
Key Terms	p. 144
References	p. 145
Exercises	p. 145
An International Comparison of Nonresponse	p. 147
Introduction	p. 147
Theory	p. 150
Correspondence Analysis	p. 150
Multinomial Multilevel Modeling	p. 158
Application	p. 160
Summary	p. 173
Key Terms	p. 174
References	p. 175
Exercises	p. 175
Nonresponse and Representativity	p. 178
Introduction	p. 178
Theory	p. 179
What Is Representative Response?	p. 179
Indicators for Representative Response	p. 184
Worst-Case Nonresponse Bias	p. 185
Partial Indicators for Representative Response	p. 189
How to Use R-Indicators?	p. 194
Application	p. 198
R-Indicators	p. 198
Partial R-Indicators	p. 201
Summary	p. 204
Key Terms	p. 205
References	p. 206
Exercises	p. 207
Weighting Adjustment Techniques	p. 209
Introduction	p. 209
Poststratification	p. 213
Theory	p. 213
Application	p. 218
Linear Weighting	p. 221
Theory	p. 221
Application	p. 230
Multiplicative Weighting	p. 231
Theory	p. 231
Application	p. 234
Other Weighting Issues	p. 236
Calibration Estimation	p. 236
Constraining the Values of Weights	p. 237
Consistent Person and Household Weights	p. 238
Summary	p. 240
Key Terms	p. 241
References	p. 242
Exercises	p. 243
Selection of Auxiliary Variables	p. 247
Introduction	p. 247
Theory	p. 248
The Auxiliary Variable Selection Problem	p. 248
The Construction of Auxiliary Variables	p. 253
Linked Data and Population Totals	p. 257
Variable Selection Strategies	p. 261
Application	p. 271
Modeling Nonresponse	p. 271
Modeling Survey Target Variables	p. 274
Combining Models for Nonresponse and Target Variables	p. 278
Selection Based on Variance of Calibration Weights	p. 278
Selection Based on Worst-Case Nonresponse Bias	p. 280
A Comparision of the Various Selection Strategies	p. 284
Summary	p. 284
Key Terms	p. 285
References	p. 286
Exercises	p. 287
Re-Approaching Nonrespondents	p. 289
Introduction	p. 289
Theory	p. 292
The Callback Approach	p. 292
The Basic-Question Approach	p. 295
The Politz and Simmons Approach	p. 299
Application	p. 303
Design of the Study	p. 303
Analysis of Response in the LFS and the Re-Approaches	p. 308
Conclusions	p. 321
Summary	p. 322
Key Terms	p. 323
References	p. 323
Exercises	p. 325
The Use of Response Propensities	p. 327
Introduction	p. 327
Theory	p. 328
The Response Propensity	p. 328
Traditional Nonresponse Adjustment Methods	p. 329
Nonresponse Adjustment Methods Based on the Response Propensity	p. 332
Application	p. 336
Estimating Response Propensities	p. 337
Balancing Property	p. 340
Application to GPS Data	p. 345
Summary	p. 348
Key Terms	p. 349
References	p. 350
Exercises	p. 351
Analysis and Adjustment Accounting for the Cause of Nonresponse	p. 353
Introduction	p. 353
Theory	p. 357
Methods for Nonresponse Analysis	p. 357
Alternative Methods for Nonresponse Adjustment	p. 364
Application	p. 374
Nonresponse Analysis with Different Types of Response	p. 374
A Sequential Weight Adjustment for Nonresponse	p. 385
Sample Selection Model to Adjust for Nonresponse	p. 387
Summary	p. 389
Key Terms	p. 390
References	p. 391
Exercises	p. 393
Adaptive Survey Designs	p. 395
Introduction	p. 395
Theory	p. 397
What are Adaptive Survey Designs?	p. 397
Survey Strategies and Survey Design Features	p. 401
Quality Objective Functions	p. 403
Cost Functions	p. 407
Estimating Response Probabilities	p. 410
Application	p. 411
Summary	p. 413
Key Terms	p. 414
References	p. 415
Exercises	p. 416
Item Nonresponse	p. 418
Introduction	p. 418
Theory	p. 420
Single Imputation Techniques	p. 421
A General Imputation Model	p. 425
Properties of Single Imputation	p. 427
Effects of Imputation of the Mean on Bias and Variance	p. 428
Effects of Random Imputation	p. 431
EM Imputation	p. 432
Multiple Imputation	p. 433
Application	p. 435
Summary	p. 437
Key Terms	p. 438
References	p. 439
Exercises	p. 439
Miscellaneous Topics	p. 443
Introduction	p. 443
Theory	p. 444
Combined Treatment of Unit and Item Nonresponse	p. 444
Nonresponse in Longitudinal Studies	p. 449
Paradata	p. 454
Consistency Between Survey Statistics	p. 457
Summary	p. 463
Key Terms	p. 465
References	p. 466
Exercises	p. 467
Index	p. 469
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Handbook of Nonresponse in Household Surveys

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