Green Aviation

Green Aviation is the first authoritative overview of both engineering and operational measures to mitigate the environmental impact of aviation.

It addresses the current status of measures to reduce the environmental impact of air travel. The chapters cover such items as:

• Engineering and technology-related subjects (aerodynamics, engines, fuels, structures, etc.),
• Operations (air traffic management and infrastructure)
• Policy and regulatory aspects regarding atmospheric and noise pollution.

With contributions from leading experts, this volume is intended to be a valuable addition, and useful resource, for aerospace manufacturers and suppliers, governmental and industrial aerospace research establishments, airline and aviation industries, university engineering and science departments, and industry analysts, consultants, and researchers.

Wei Shyy, Provost and Chair Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, China.

Subject Editors: Ramesh Agarwal, The William Palm Professor of Engineering, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri, USA. Author/co-author of over 300 publications, editorial team member of 13 journals, frequent speaker on sustainable air transport.

Fayette Collier, NASA, USA; Director of NASA's Environmentally Responsible Aviation Project.

Andreas Schäfer, Chair in Energy and Transport, UCL Energy Institute, London, UK. Research interests include energy and transportation systems analysis. Previously at International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), the University of Cambridge, and Stanford University.

Allan Seabridge, Seabridge Systems Ltd, Lytham St Annes, UK. Section Editor on Encyclopedia of Aerospace Engineering; Series Editor Wiley Aerospace Series.

Foreword xi

Preface xiii

Part 1 Overview 1

1 Aviation and Climate Change – The Continuing Challenge 3

2 Global Atmospheric Chemistry and Impacts from Aviation 15

3 Aviation Emissions 25

4 Emissions and Other Impacts: Introduction 35

5 Avoiding the Predictable Surprise: Early Action Is the Key to Building a Climate-Resilient Aviation Network 39

Part 2 Aerodynamics and Airframe 51

6 Application of Drag Reduction Techniques to Transport Aircraft 53

7 Blended Wing Body Aircraft: A Historical Perspective 63

8 Fuel Burn Reduction Through Wing Morphing 73

Part 3 Combustion-Based Propulsion 81

9 Advances in Turbofan Engines: A US Perspective 83

10 A Rolls-Royce Perspective on Concepts and Technologies for Future Green Propulsion Systems 95

11 Geared TurbofanTM Engine: Driven by Innovation 105

12 Advanced Engine Designs and Concepts Beyond the Geared Turbofan 113

13 Progress in Open Rotor Research 127

Part 4 Alternative Propulsion 145

14 Energy Optimization for Solar-Powered Aircraft 147

15 Hydrogen-Powered Aircraft 165

16 Biofuels for Green Aviation 179

17 Hydrogen Fuel Cells for Auxiliary Power Units 193

18 Electric Drives for Propulsion System of Transport Aircraft 201

19 Lithium-Ion Batteries: Thermomechanics, Performance, and Design Optimization 221

Part 5 Aerodynamics and Aircraft Concepts 239

20 Damage Arresting Composites 241

21 Greener Helicopters 253

Part 6 Noise 265

22 Aircraft Noise: Alleviating Constraints to Airport Operations and Growth 267

23 Aircraft Noise Modeling 277

24 Carbon and Noise Trading in Aviation 287

Part 7 Systems 299

25 Onboard Energy Management 301

26 Impact of Airframe Systems on Green Airliner Operation 311

27 Modern Avionics and ATM Systems for Green Operations 323

Part 8 Operations 341

28 Integrated Assessment Modeling 343

29 Cost Analysis Approach in the Development of Advanced Technologies for Green Aviation Aircraft 355

30 Green Aircraft Operations 369

31 Impact of Airports on Local Air Quality 381

32 A Roadmap for Aviation Research in Australia 391

Part 9 Atmosphere and Climate 401

33 Atmospheric Modeling 403

34 In Plume Physics and Chemistry 413

35 Contrails and Contrail Cirrus 425

36 Radiative Forcing and Climate Change 437

37 Atmospheric Composition 447

38 Meteorology 459

Subject Index 477

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