Formation of Structure in the Universe

This advanced textbook provides an up-to-date and comprehensive introduction to the very active field of structure formation in cosmology. It is written by eleven world-leading authorities. Written in a clear and pedagogical style appropriate for graduate students in astronomy and physics, this textbook introduces the reader to a wide range of exciting topics in contemporary cosmology: from recent advances in redshift surveys, to the latest models in gravitational lensing and cosmological simulations. The authors are all world-renowned experts both for their research and teaching skills. In the fast-moving field of structure formation, this book provides advanced undergraduate and graduate students with a welcome textbook which unites the latest theory and observations.

List of contributors

xi

Preface

xiii

Part one: Introduction to structure formation

1

(75)

Dark matter and structure formation

3

(73)

J. R. Primack

Introduction

3

(4)

Cosmology basics

7

(5)

Age, expansion rate, and cosmological constant

12

(11)

Measuring Ωo

23

(10)

Dark-matter particles

33

(9)

Origin of fluctuations: inflation and topological defects

42

(12)

Comparing DM models to observations: ACDM vs. CHDM

54

(22)

References

76

(21)

Gravitational instability

86

(11)

A. Yahil

Introduction

86

(2)

Linear theory and Zel'dovich approximation

88

(2)

Nonlinear methods and mixed boundary conditions

90

(7)

References

97

(34)

Microwave background and structure formation

98

(33)

J. Silk

Introduction

98

(1)

Gravitational instabilities: linear theory

99

(6)

Nonlinear evolution

105

(6)

Galaxy formation by reverse engineering

111

(7)

Cosmic microwave background anisotropies

118

(5)

Confrontation of theory and large-scale structure

123

(3)

Future prospects

126

(5)

References

131

(38)

Part two: Large-scale structure and flows

133

(36)

Clusters and superclusters of galaxies

135

(34)

N. A. Bahcall

Introduction

135

(1)

Optical properties of galaxy clusters

136

(7)

X-ray properties of galaxy clusters

143

(8)

The baryon fraction in clusters

151

(1)

Cluster masses

152

(3)

Where is the dark matter?

155

(1)

The mass function of clusters

155

(1)

Quasar-cluster association

156

(2)

Superclusters

158

(2)

The cluster correlation function

160

(4)

Peculiar motions of clusters

164

(3)

Some unsolved problems

167

(2)

References

169

(39)

Redshift surveys of the local universe

172

(36)

M. A. Strauss

Introduction

172

(1)

Varieties of redshift surveys

173

(5)

The luminosity and selection function

178

(3)

Clustering statistics

181

(3)

Measurements of the power spectrum

184

(11)

The relative distribution of galaxies and dark matter

195

(3)

Surveys for the future

198

(8)

Conclusions

206

(2)

References

208

(39)

Measurement of galaxy distances

213

(1)

J. A. Willick

Introduction

213

(3)

Cepheid variables

216

(3)

The Tully-Fisher relation for spiral galaxies

219

(6)

Fundamental Plane relations for elliptical galaxies

225

(4)

Surface brightness fluctuations

229

(4)

Supernovae

233

(4)

Brightest cluster galaxies

237

(2)

Redshift-distance catalogs

239

(2)

Malmquist and other biases

241

(4)

Summary

245

(2)

References

247

(68)

Large-scale flows and cosmological implications

250

(65)

A. Dekel

Introduction

250

(3)

Reconstruction from peculiar velocities

253

(20)

Testing basic hypotheses

273

(7)

Statistics of mass-density fluctuations

280

(9)

Direct measurements of Ω from peculiar velocities

289

(4)

Measurements of β from galaxy density and velocities

293

(13)

Cosmological parameters

306

(6)

Conclusion

312

(3)

References

315

(20)

Part three: Structure on galactic scales and lensing

319

(16)

Cosmological simulations

321

(14)

J. P. Ostriker

Introduction

321

(2)

Simulation methods

323

(7)

Results: comparison with observations

330

(2)

Conclusions

332

(3)

References

335

(23)

Black holes in galaxy centers

337

(21)

S. M. Faber

Introduction

337

(2)

Surface-brightness and stellar distributions

339

(6)

Kinematic evidence for central massive black holes

345

(13)

References

358

(68)

Gravitational lensing

360

(66)

R. Narayan

M. Bartelmann

Introduction

360

(4)

Lensing by point masses in the universe

364

(20)

Lensing by galaxies

384

(22)

Lensing by galaxy clusters and large-scale structure

406

(20)

References

426

(38)

Part four: A conclusion

433

(31)

The mass of the universe

435

(29)

P. J. E. Peebles

Introduction

435

(8)

Dynamical mass measurements

443

(12)

The cosmological tests

455

(5)

Scorecard and issues

460

(3)

Concluding remarks

463

(1)

References

464

(2)

Index

466

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Formation of Structure in the Universe

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials