Grain Boundaries Their Microstructure and

Grain Boundaries - Their Microstructure and Chemistry is an indispensable text for design and safety engineers in many industries, including power and aerospace, as well as for materials scientists and engineers in academia and research institutes.

P. E. J. Flewitt and R. K. Wild are the authors of Grain Boundaries: Their Microstructure and Chemistry, published by Wiley.

Preface

ix

Acknowledgements

xi

Boundaries and Interfaces in Materials

1

(34)

Introduction

1

(6)

Principles Governing Grain Shape and Size

7

(6)

Size and Orientation of Grains

13

(1)

Energy of Polycrystalline Materials

13

(4)

Diffusion

17

(2)

Structure of Boundaries and Interfaces

19

(4)

Dislocation Models

20

(3)

Composition of Boundaries and Interface

23

(1)

Electronic Structure

24

(4)

Strength of Grain Boundaries

28

(4)

References

32

(3)

Grain Boundary Composition

35

(52)

Introduction

35

(1)

Equilibrium Segregation

36

(19)

Thermodynamics for an Ideal Binary System

37

(9)

Thermodynamics of a Multicomponent System

46

(1)

Thermodynamic Parameters for Segregation

47

(4)

Kinetics of Segregation

51

(4)

Non-Equilibrium Segregation

55

(23)

Thermally Induced Segregation

55

(11)

Neutron Irradiation-induced Segregation

66

(6)

Stress-driven Segregation

72

(3)

Ceramics, Minerals and Ionic Materials

75

(3)

Interphase Boundaries

78

(4)

Equilibrium Segregation

79

(2)

Non-Equilibrium Segregation

81

(1)

References

82

(5)

Composition Changes In Materials

87

(72)

Introduction

87

(3)

Role of Crystallography on Composition

90

(2)

Relationship Between Different Surfaces, Interfaces and Boundaries

92

(2)

Iron Alloys and Steels

94

(28)

Iron-base Alloys

95

(5)

Cosegregation

100

(7)

Competition

107

(7)

Scavenging

114

(1)

Effect of Stress

114

(2)

Precipitation

116

(1)

Irradiation of Steels

117

(5)

Non-Ferrous Metals and Alloys

122

(11)

Nickel-base Alloys

123

(4)

Copper, Gold, Silver and Platinum

127

(3)

Aluminium

130

(3)

Non-Metal Systems

133

(19)

Introduction

133

(1)

Ceramics

134

(11)

Semiconductors

145

(3)

Glasses

148

(1)

Metal---Ceramic Interfaces

149

(3)

References

152

(7)

Measurement of Composition

159

(70)

Introduction

159

(1)

Indirect Methods

160

(7)

Microhardness

160

(1)

Electrical Resistivity

161

(4)

Electrochemical Methods

165

(1)

X-ray Diffraction

166

(1)

Internal Friction

167

(1)

Summary

167

(1)

Direct Methods

167

(25)

Light Microscopy

168

(1)

Chemical and Electrolytic Etching

168

(2)

Autoradiography

170

(1)

Electron Optical Techniques

170

(22)

Electron Energy Loss Spectrometry

192

(10)

Contrast Analysis

202

(3)

Fresnel Contrast

202

(1)

Atomic Number Contrast

203

(2)

Auger Electron Spectroscopy

205

(10)

Introduction

205

(3)

Grain Boundary Analysis

208

(5)

Comparison of Grain Boundary Composition by FEGSTEM and AES

213

(2)

X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy

215

(1)

Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy

215

(4)

Field Ion and Atom Probe Microscopy

219

(1)

Scanning Probe Microscopy and Atom Force Microscopy

220

(3)

References

223

(6)

Mechanical Properties

229

(82)

Engineering Requirements

229

(5)

Fracture in Materials

234

(5)

Introduction

234

(1)

Continuum Models of Fracture

234

(2)

Temperature Dependence of Intergranular Fracture

236

(3)

Intergranular Fracture

239

(2)

Strength of Grain Boundaries

241

(5)

Temper Embrittlement

246

(8)

21/4Cr--1Mo Steels

248

(2)

3Cr--Mo, 1Cr-1/2Mo and Cr--Mo--V Steels

250

(1)

3Ni--Cr and Ni--Cr--Mo--V Steels

251

(3)

Higher Temperature and Liquation Embrittlement

254

(1)

Creep and Creep Fatigue

255

(17)

Introduction

255

(2)

Mechanisms

257

(8)

Role of Local Composition

265

(4)

Creep Crack Growth

269

(1)

Creep--Fatigue

270

(2)

Stress Relief and Reheat Cracking

272

(9)

Introduction

272

(5)

Irradiation Creep

277

(4)

Environmentally Assisted Cracking

281

(15)

Introduction

281

(1)

Mechanisms

282

(2)

Intergranular Attack

284

(1)

Stress Corrosion Cracking

284

(5)

Hydrogen Cracking

289

(6)

Liquid Metal Embrittlement

295

(1)

Irradiation Damage

296

(4)

Others

300

(2)

Superplasticity

300

(1)

Nano Crystalline Materials

301

(1)

References

302

(9)

Appendix

311

(6)

List of symbols

317

(2)

Acronyms for techniques used

319

(1)

Commonly used conversion factors

320

(1)

Physical Constants

320

(1)

Index

321

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Grain Boundaries Their Microstructure and Chemistry

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials