Regional Guide to International Conflict and Management From 1945 to 2003

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ISBN: 9781568028255 | 1568028253
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 11/30/2004

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Regional Guide to International Conflict Management from 1945 to 2003 provides global, regional, and specific information on the over 350 international conflicts that have occurred since World War II. ''''At the heart of the book are comprehensive regional sections, each of which includes: ''''An essay providing regional context and highlighting the interrelation of countries and conflict in that area''Summaries of each conflict in the region, arranged chronologically and covering history, circumstances, players, management, and outcome''References for further research.''''''Introductory chapters examine global patterns and trends in international conflict and how conflict is managed, including ethnic conflict and the expanded role of the United Nations. Tables, figures, maps, and a comprehensive index round out this valuable resource. ''''Regional Guide to International Conflict and Management from 1945 to 2003 gives readers the tools and content necessary for understanding and analyzing international conflict in todayÆs world. Perfect for political science, comparative government/politics, international relations, and world history programs.''''''''

Figures, Tables, and Maps

xix

Preface

xxi

Acknowledgments

xxii

An Overview of International Conflict

(48)

The Nature of International Conflict

(10)

Understanding International Conflict Management

(21)

International Organizations and Regional Conflicts

(15)

Regional Conflicts

(254)

Africa

(66)

List of Conflicts

(2)

Countries in the Region

(1)

Regional Overview

(2)

Overview of Conflict

(1)

Conflict Management

(3)

Madagascar--France: Nationalist Rebellion March--August 1947

(1)

Eritrea--Ethiopia: Eritrean Nationalism and Agitation for Independence July 1949--December 1950

(1)

Tunisia: Tunisian Independence and African Nationalism January 1952--March 1956

(1)

Kenya--United Kingdom: Anticolonial Tribal Uprising and Mau Mau Revolt August 1952--December 1963

(1)

Algeria: The Fight for Independence November 1954--March 1962

(1)

Morocco--Spain: Postindependence Autonomy and the Sahara Conflict November 1957--April 1958

(1)

France--Tunisia: Postindependence Autonomy and Military Bases Conflict February--May 1958

(1)

France--Tunisia: French--Algerian Border Incidents February--August 1959

(1)

Mauritania--Mali: Hodh Region Conflict Mid-1960--February 1963

(1)

Congo (Zaire): Secession, Anarchy, Civil War, and the Belgian Congo Crisis July 1960--Mid-1964

(1)

The African Territories--Portugal: African Nationalism and Independence Struggle 1961--July 1975

(1)

Tunisia--France: Postindependence Autonomy Dispute in Bizerte July--September 1961

(1)

Somalia--Kenya/Ethiopia: Somali Expansionism and Separatist Insurgency November 1962--September 1967

(1)

Sudan: Southern Separatism, Anya-Nya Terrorism, and the First Sudan Civil War September 1963--March 1972

(1)

Morocco--Algeria: Territorial Dispute and the Tindouf War October 1963--February 1964

(1)

Niger--Dahomey (Benin): Lete Island Dispute December 1963--June 1965

(1)

Somalia--Ethiopia: Somali Expansionism, Separatist Guerrilla Fighting, and the First Ogaden War January--March 1964

(1)

Rwanda--Burundi: Postindependence Ethnic Violence Between the Hutu and Tutsi January 1964--January 1965

(1)

France--Gabon: Military Putsch, French Military Intervention, and Aubame's Coup February 1964

(1)

Ghana--Upper Volta: Ghanaian Border Dispute June 1964--June 1966

(1)

Eritrea--Ethiopia: Eritrean Nationalism and War of Secession 1965--May 1993

(1)

Ghana--Togo: Ghanaian Expansionism and Border Incidents January--May 1965

(1)

Uganda--Congo (Zaire): Rebel Activity and Border Incidents February--March 1965

(1)

Chad--Sudan: Internal Strife, Sudanese Intervention, and the First Chad Civil War November 1965--1972

(1)

Namibia: Violent Insurrection, War, and Independence Struggle 1966--March 1990

(1)

Ivory Coast--Guinea: Coup Plot March--April 1966

(1)

Ghana--Guinea: Nkrumah's Ouster and Postcoup Tensions October--November 1966

(1)

Rhodesia: African Nationalism, Guerrilla Warfare, and Zimbabwe's Struggle for Independence 1967--January 1980

(1)

Guinea--Ivory Coast: Regional Rivalry and Hostage Crisis February--September 1967

(1)

Nigeria--Biafra: Ethnic and Regional Rivalries, Secession Attempt, and the Biafran Civil War July 1967--January 1970

(1)

Congo (Zaire)--Rwanda: Regional Instability and the Mercenaries Dispute August 1967--April 1968

(1)

Guinea--Portugal: PAIGC Guerrilla Warfare and the Conakry Raids November 1970

(1)

Uganda--Tanzania: Postcoup Border Clashes January 1971--October 1972

(1)

Equatorial Guinea--Gabon: Territorial Dispute over the Corisco Bay Islands June--November 1972

(1)

Ethiopia--Somalia: Somali Expansionism, Territorial Dispute, and the Second Ogaden War Mid--1972--1985

(1)

Morocco--Mauritania: Saharan Nationalism, Territorial Dispute, and the Western Saharan Conflict October 1974--Ongoing

(1)

Mali--Upper Volta (Burkina Faso): Territorial and Resource Dispute December 1974--June 1975

(1)

Angola--South Africa: Guerrilla Warfare in Namibia, Intervention, and Angolan Civil War 1975--Ongoing

(1)

Zaire--Angola: Rebel Activity and Border War November 1975--February 1976

(1)

Mozambique--South Africa: African Nationalism, Intervention, and Civil War 1976--October 1992

(1)

Uganda--Kenya: Amin Provocations and Border Incidents February--August 1976

(1)

Chad--Libya: Guerrilla Warfare, Factional Fighting, and Libyan Annexation of the Aozou Strip June 1976--November 1979

(1)

Zaire--Angola: Internal Dissension, Regional Instability, and the First Invasion of Shaba March--May 1977

(1)

Chad: Internal Strife, Foreign Intervention, and the Second Chad Civil War January 1978--June 1982

(1)

Zaire--Angola: Regional Instability, Congolese Dissension, and the Second Invasion of Shaba May 1978

(1)

Tanzania--Uganda: Cross-Border Raids, Tanzanian Invasion, and Ouster of the Amin Regime October 1978--May 1979

(1)

Morocco--Algeria: Western Saharan Nationalism and Border Conflict June--October 1979

(1)

Cameroon--Nigeria: Border Incident May--July 1981

(1)

Uganda: Civil War December 1981--1994

(1)

Zaire--Zambia: Lake Mweru Dispute February--September 1982

(1)

Libya--Chad: Political Instability, Rebel Fighting, Foreign Intervention, and the Third Chad Civil War Mid-1982--Ongoing

(1)

Ghana--Togo: Territorial Dispute and Border Incidents August--October 1982

(1)

South Africa--Lesotho: Guerrilla Insurgency Fears and Anti-ANC Raid December 1982

(1)

Sudan: Secessionist Fighting, Civil War, and the Second Sudan Civil War January 1983--Ongoing

(1)

Liberia--Sierra Leone: Doe Regime Tensions February--March 1983

(1)

Chad--Nigeria: Boundary/Resources Dispute and the Lake Chad Conflict April--July 1983

(1)

Zaire--Zambia: Regional Tensions, Deportations, and Border Dispute September 1983--January 1984

(1)

South Africa--Botswana: African Nationalism and Anti-ANC Raids October 1984--May 1986

(1)

Zaire: Internal Dissent and the Third Invasion of Shaba November 1984

(1)

Zaire: Internal Strife, the Fourth Invasion of Shaba, and the Collapse of the Mobutu Regime June 1985

(1)

Mali--Burkina Faso: Territorial/Resource Dispute and Border War December 1985--January 1986

(1)

Togo--Ghana: Regional Rivalry and Coup Attempt September 1986

(1)

Zaire--People's Republic of the Congo: Regional Instability and Border Incident January 1987

(1)

Ethiopia--Somalia: Somali Expansionism and the Third Ogaden War February 1987--April 1988

(1)

South Africa--Zambia: African Nationalism, Insurgency Fears, and Anti-ANC Raid April 1987

(1)

People's Republic of the Congo: Civil Unrest and Army Rebellion September 1987--July 1988

(1)

Uganda--Kenya: Ugandan Civil War, Refugee Influx, and Border Conflict December 1987

(1)

Somalia: Clan-Based Violence and the Somalian Civil War May 1988--Ongoing

(2)

Burundi: Tribe-Based Communal Violence and the Hutu Conflict August 1988--Ongoing

(1)

Uganda--Kenya: Border Conflict March 1989

(1)

Mauritania--Senegal: Ethnic Violence and Border Incidents April 1989--January 1990

(1)

Liberia: Civil War December 1989--Ongoing

(2)

Guinea-Bissau-Senegal: Border Conflict April--May 1990

100

(1)

Tuareg--Niger: Confrontation and Reprisals May 1990--October 1994

100

(1)

Senegal: The Casamance Rebellion Mid-1990--Ongoing

100

(2)

Tuareg--Mali: Sahel Pastoralist Rebellion and Military Coup June 1990--Ongoing

102

(1)

Rwanda: Tribal Conflict, Genocide, and Exiles Invasion September 1990--Ongoing

102

(2)

Liberia--Sierra Leone: Intervention, Destabilization, and the Sierra Leone Civil War March 1991--Ongoing

104

(1)

Djibouti: Ethnic-Based Violence and Civil War November 1991--July 1993

105

(1)

Nigeria--Cameroon: Territorial Dispute and the Diamond and Djabane Islands Dispute December 1993--March 1994

105

(1)

Ghana--Togo: Border Incidents January--February 1994

106

(1)

Uganda: Intervention and Democratic Movements May 1995--Ongoing

106

(1)

Federal Republic of Grande Comoros: Coup Attempt and Anjouan and Moheli Independence September 1995--Ongoing

107

(1)

Eritrea--Yemen: Invasion of the Hunish Islands November 1995--October 1998

108

(1)

Congo: Independence Movements October 1996--Ongoing

109

(1)

Uganda--Kenya: Ethnic Cross-Border Clashes November 1996--July 1998

109

(1)

Niger: Diffa Border Insurgency December 1996--April 1999

110

(1)

Congo--Brazzaville: Democratic Struggle May 1997--Late 2000

110

(1)

Djibouti: Intervention and Djibouti Civil War Early 1998--December 2000

110

(1)

Lesotho: Intervention and Military Factions May 1998--March 1999

111

(1)

Eritrea--Ethiopia: Yirga Triangle Territorial Dispute May 1998--June 1999

111

(1)

Guinea--Bissau: Military Factions June 1998--January 2000

112

(1)

Ethiopia--Kenya: Ethnic Border Clashes October 1998--January 1999

113

(1)

Liberia--Guinea: Border Dispute September 1999--April 2001

113

(1)

Ivory Coast: Civil War September 1999--Ongoing

114

(1)

Central African Republic--Chad: Attempted Coup, Foreign Intervention, and Territorial Occupation Mid-2001--December 2002

115

(1)

Angola--Zambia: Civil Strife and Border Skirmishes November 2001

116

(1)

Americas

117

(36)

List of Conflicts

117

(1)

Countries in the Region

118

(1)

Regional Overview

118

(2)

Overview of Conflict

120

(1)

Conflict Management

121

(2)

Dominican Republic--Haiti/Cuba: Regional Aggression Early 1947--December 1951

123

(2)

Costa Rica: Anticorruption Military Insurgency and Civil War March--April 1948

125

(1)

Nicaragua--Costa Rica: Border Conflict December 1948--February 1949

125

(1)

Argentina--Chile: The Beagle Channel Border Despute July 1952--August 1993

126

(2)

Guatemala: Civil War and Insurgency June 1954--Ongoing

128

(1)

Nicaragua--Costa Rica: Exiles Invasion Attempt January 1955

129

(1)

Dominican Republic--Cuba/Venezuela: Dominican Republic Aggression and Exiles Conflict February 1956--January 1962

129

(2)

Cuba: Communist Revolution and Cuban Civil War December 1956--January 1959

131

(1)

Nicaragua--Honduras: Boundary Dispute and Mocoran Seizure April--June 1957

131

(1)

Panama: Cuban--Backed Invasion and Panama Revolutionaries Conflict 1958--May 1959

132

(1)

Guatemala--Mexico: Mexican Shrimp Boat Incident December 1958--September 1959

132

(1)

Paraguay--Argentina: Paraguayan Exiles Conflict Early 1959--December 1961

133

(1)

Cuba--Haiti: Cuban-Sponsored Military Invasion and Haitian Exiles Conflict August 1959

133

(1)

United States--Cuba: Anti-Castro Military Invasion--The Bay of Pigs April--May 1961

134

(1)

Venezuela--Guyana (UK): Essequibo River Dispute February 1962--June 1970

134

(1)

Chile--Bolivia: Lauca River Dam Dispute March 1962--1964

135

(1)

United States--USSR: Cold War Dispute and the Cuban Missile Crisis September--November 1962

136

(1)

Haiti--Dominican Republic: Exiles Asylum and Invasion Attempt April--September 1963

137

(1)

Cuba--Venezuela: Terrorism and Invasion Attempt November 1963--May 1967

138

(1)

Panama--United States: Sovereignty Dispute and the Flag Riots January--April 1964

139

(1)

Colombia: Banditry and Leftist Guerrilla Insurgency 1965--Ongoing

139

(1)

United States--Dominican Republic: Civil War, U.S. Military Intervention, and the Constitutionalist Rebellion April 1965--September 1966

140

(1)

Bolivia: Cuban-Assisted Guerrilla Insurgency November 1966--July 1970

141

(1)

El Salvador--Honduras: The ``Football War'' Border Dispute July 1969

141

(1)

Guyana--Suriname: New River Triangle Border Dispute August 1969--November 1970

142

(1)

El Salvador--Honduras: Territorial Dispute and Border Incidents July 1976--October 1980

142

(1)

El Salvador: Civil Conflict and the Salvadoran Civil War January 1977--Late 1992

143

(1)

Ecuador--Peru: Regional Rivalry, Territorial Dispute, and the Amazon/Maranon Waterway Incidents June 1977--January 1978

143

(1)

Nicaragua--Costa Rica: Regional Rivalry and Border Incidents October 1977

144

(1)

Nicaragua--Costa Rica: Regional Rivalry: Cross-Border Raids, and Border Incidents September--December 1978

144

(1)

Honduras--Nicaragua: Right-Wing Insurgency and the Contra War January 1980--February 1994

145

(1)

Ecuador--Peru: Territorial Dispute and Border War January--April 1981

145

(1)

United Kingdom--Argentina: Sovereignty Dispute and the Falklands War April--June 1982

146

(1)

Guatemala--Mexico: Regional Instability, Guatemalan Civil War, and Border Incidents September 1982--January 1983

147

(1)

United States--Grenada: Anti-Communist Military Invasion October--December 1983

147

(1)

Ecuador--Peru: Regional Rivalry, Territorial Dispute, and Border Conflict January 1984

148

(1)

Guatemala--Mexico: Regional Instability, Guatemalan Civil War, and Border Incident April 1984

148

(1)

Nicaragua--Costa Rica: Regional Rivalry and Border Incidents May--June 1985

148

(1)

Nicaragua--Costa Rica: Regional Rivalry and Border Incidents April 1986

149

(1)

Suriname: Guerrilla Insurgency July 1986--December 1992

149

(1)

United States--Panama: U.S. Anti-Noriega Military Invasion December 1989

150

(1)

United States--Haiti: U.S. Military Invasion and Aristide's Return from Exile September 1994

150

(1)

Ecuador--Peru: Regional Rivalry and Cenepa Headwaters Confrontation January--March 1995

151

(1)

Ecuador--Peru: Condor Mountain Territorial Dispute January 1995--October 1998

151

(1)

Belize--Guatemala: Postindependence Territorial Dispute and Border Incidents August 1995

152

(1)

Asia: East Asia and the Pacific

153

(50)

List of Conflicts

153

(2)

Countries in the Region

155

(1)

Regional Overview

155

(2)

Overview of Conflict

157

(3)

Conflict Management

160

(3)

China: Civil War 1945--1949

163

(1)

The Netherlands--The Dutch East Indies: Indonesian Nationalism and War of Independence Late 1945--November 1949

164

(1)

France--Indochina: Independence Struggle December 1945--July 1954

165

(1)

United Kingdom--Malaya and Singapore: Anti-British Communist Insurgency and the Malayan Emergency June 1948--July 1960

165

(1)

Burma: Kuomintang/People's Liberation Army Cross-Border Conflict August 1948--1954

166

(1)

Burma (Myanmar): Karen Separatist Insurgency and Civil War January 1949--Ongoing

167

(1)

China--Taiwan: Communist-Nationalist Conflict in the Straits of Formosa October 1949--June 1953

168

(1)

United States--USSR: Cold War Air Incidents April--October 1950

168

(1)

United States--North Korea: Cold War Territorial Dispute and the Korean War June 1950--July 1953

169

(1)

China--Portugal: The Macao Territorial Conflict July--August 1952

169

(1)

USSR--United States: Cold War Air Incidents October 1952--July 1956

170

(1)

Cambodia--Siam (Thailand): Border Conflict and the Occupation of the Temple of Preah Vihear Early 1953--May 1975

170

(1)

China--United States/Taiwan: The Quemoy Confrontation April 1954--April 1955

171

(1)

Taiwan--South Vietnam: The Paracel Islands Dispute June--August 1956

172

(1)

China--United States/Taiwan: Communist--Nationalist Territorial Dispute and Bombardment of the Quemoy Islands July--December 1958

172

(1)

Laos: Political Anarchy and the First Laotian Civil War December 1958--1962

173

(1)

North Vietnam--South Vietnam/United States: Communist Vietcong Insurgency, Anti-Communist U.S. Military Intervention, and Civil War December 1960--May 1975

173

(1)

Indonesia--Malaysia: Separatist Civil Disturbances and the Borneo Conflict 1962--November 1965

174

(1)

Indonesia--The Netherlands: West Irian Administration Dispute and Separatist Insurgency January--August 1962

175

(1)

China--Taiwan: CCP-KMT Territorial Dispute and Invasion Threat March--December 1962

175

(1)

South Vietnam--Cambodia: Anti-Vietminh Cross-Border Raids March--December 1964

176

(1)

North Vietnam--Laos: Political Anarchy and the Second Laotian Civil War April 1964--December 1966

176

(1)

North Vietnam--United States: The Vietnam War August 1964--May 1975

177

(1)

Irian Jaya--Indonesia: Territorial Dispute and Secession Insurgency 1965--Ongoing

178

(1)

North Korea--South Korea: Cold War Dispute and Border Incidents Mid-1965--March 1968

179

(1)

North Korea--United States: USS Pueblo Seizure January--December 1968

179

(1)

China--Burma: Tribal Conflicts and Border Incidents January--November 1969

180

(1)

Cambodia (Kampuchea)--South Vietnam/United States: U.S. Bombing Campaign and Vietnam War January 1970--April 1975

180

(1)

Mindanao--The Philippines: Communal Violence, Land Disputes, and Muslim Secessionist Insurgency January 1970--Ongoing

181

(1)

South Vietnam--China: Territorial Dispute and the Paracel Islands January 1974

182

(1)

North Korea--South Korea: Demilitarized Zone and Invasion Threat February--July 1975

182

(1)

Cambodia (Kampuchea)--United States: Post--Vietnam War Tensions and the Mayaguez Incident May 1975

183

(1)

Laos--Thailand: Postrevolution Exodus and Border Incidents June 1975--January 1976

183

(1)

East Timor--Indonesia: Independence Struggle October 1975--May 2002

184

(1)

Cambodia (Kampuchea)--Thailand: Refugee Influx, Regional Tensions, and Border Skirmishes December 1975--February 1976

185

(1)

Thailand--Cambodia (Kampuchea): Refugee Influx, Regional Instability, and Khmer Rouge Border Incidents November--December 1976

185

(1)

Cambodia (Kampuchea)--Thailand: Refugee Influx, Regional Instability, and Khmer Rouge Border Incidents January 1977--October 1978

186

(1)

Cambodia (Kampuchea)--Vietnam: Border Fighting, Vietnamese Invasion, and the Cambodian Civil War January 1979--Ongoing

187

(1)

China--Vietnam: Regional Rivalry and Border War January 1979--June 1982

188

(1)

Cambodia (Kampuchea)--Thailand: Khmer Rouge Insurgency and Border Conflict December 1979--October 1980

188

(1)

Espiritu Santo--Vanuatu (The New Hebrides): Secession Attempt May--September 1980

189

(1)

Indonesia--Papua New Guinea (PNG): Secessionist Warfare, Border Incidents, and the Irian Jaya Dispute May 1982--October 1984

189

(1)

Laos--Thailand: Territorial Dispute and Border Incidents June 1982

190

(1)

China--Vietnam: Regional Rivalry and Border Conflict April 1983

190

(1)

Vietnam--China: Regional Rivalry and Border Conflict January 1984--March 1987

190

(1)

Burma--Thailand: Karen Separatist Insurgency, Counterinsurgency Raids, and Border Incidents March 1984

191

(1)

Thailand--Laos: Boundary Dispute and Border War June 1984--December 1988

191

(1)

North Korea--South Korea: Cold War Border Incidents November 1984

192

(1)

Vietnam--China: Regional Rivalry, Sovereignty Dispute, and the Spratly Islands Dispute March 1988

192

(1)

Bougainville--Papua New Guinea: Separatist Insurgency and Secession Attempt October 1988--Ongoing

192

(1)

Burma (Myanmar)--Bangladesh: Rohingya Muslim Rebellion and Border Incidents December 1991

193

(1)

North Korea--South Korea: Historical Enmity and Border Incident May 1992

194

(1)

Burma (Myanmar)--Bangladesh: Border Incidents March--September 1993

194

(1)

Burma (Myanmar)--Bangladesh: Border Incidents May--August 1994

194

(1)

Taiwan--China: Nationalist--Communist Dispute and Shelling Incident November 1994

195

(1)

China--The Philippines: Territorial Dispute and the Paracel and Spratly Islands Incidents January--February 1995

195

(1)

Taiwan--Vietnam: Territorial Dispute and Spratly Islands Clash March 1995

196

(1)

China--Taiwan: Rivalry and Military Tensions January 1996--August 1999

196

(1)

North Korea--South Korea: Continuing Rivalry September 1996--November 2000

197

(1)

China--The Philippines: Spratly Islands Incident April 1997--July 1999

198

(1)

Vietnam--The Philippines: Spratly Islands Firing Incident October 1999

198

(1)

Thailand--Laos: Mekong River Territories August--September 2000

199

(1)

Thailand--Burma: Internal Civil Strife, Militia Activities, and Border Skirmishes March--May 2001

199

(1)

North Korea--South Korea: Naval Incidents November 2001--July 2002

200

(1)

Japan--North Korea: Spy Ship Incident December 2001

201

(2)

Asia: Southwest Asia

203

(26)

List of Conflicts

203

(1)

Countries in the Region

204

(1)

Regional Overview

204

(1)

Overview of Conflict

205

(2)

Conflict Management

207

(1)

India: Civil War, Independence, and Partition 1945--1948

207

(1)

Pakistan--India: Postpartition Separatism, First Kashmir War, and India--Pakistan Rivalry October 1947--January 1949

207

(1)

India--Hyderabad: Postpartition Separatist Violence and Secession Attempt July--September 1948

208

(1)

Afghanistan--Pakistan: Postindependence Pathan Border Conflict August 1949

208

(1)

Afghanistan--Pakistan: The Pathan Territorial Conflict June--October 1950

209

(1)

China--Tibet: Tibetan Autonomy Dispute October 1950--May 1951

209

(1)

China--Tibet: Incorporation Struggle March 1956--September 1965

210

(1)

India--Pakistan: Postpartition Border Tension and the Surma River Incidents March 1958--September 1959

210

(1)

China--Nepal: Boundary Dispute June 1959--July 1960

211

(1)

China--India: Sino--Indian Antagonism and the McMahon Line Boundary Dispute August 1959--February 1960

211

(1)

Afghanistan--Pakistan: Boundary Dispute and Pathan Conflict September 1960--May 1963

211

(1)

India--Portugal: Anti-Portuguese Territorial Dispute in Goa December 1961

212

(1)

Nepal--India: Pro--Democratic Rebellion and Border Incidents April--November 1962

212

(1)

India--China: Sino--Indian Wars and McMahon Line Border Dispute October--November 1962

212

(1)

China--USSR: Territorial Dispute over Damansky Island March 1963--September 1969

213

(1)

India--Pakistan: Border Skirmishes 1965--1970

213

(1)

India--Pakistan: Territorial Rivalry and the Second Kashmir War August--September 1965

214

(1)

China--India: Sino--Indian Wars and McMahon Line Border Incidents September 1965

214

(1)

Bangladesh--Pakistan: Secessionist Warfare and the Bangladesh War of Independence March 1971--February 1974

215

(1)

Bangladesh: Postindependence Territorial Dispute and the Chittagong Hill Tracts Conflict 1975--Ongoing

215

(1)

China--India: Territorial Dispute and McMahon Line Border Incidents October 1975

216

(1)

Bangladesh--India: Postcoup Tensions and Border Incidents April 1976

216

(1)

Pakistan--Afghanistan: Pro-Monarchist Revolt and the Peshawar Rebellion March--July 1979

217

(1)

Bangladesh--India: Boundary Dispute and Border Incidents November 1979

217

(1)

USSR--Afghanistan: Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Civil War December 1979--Ongoing

218

(1)

Pakistan--India: Regional Rivalry, Border Incidents, and India--Pakistan Wars July 1981--August 1982

219

(1)

Sri Lanka: Communal Violence, Separatist Fighting, and Tamil--Sinhalese Conflict July 1982--Ongoing

219

(2)

India--Bangladesh: Boundary Dispute and Border Conflict December 1983--June 1984

221

(1)

India--Pakistan: Territorial Dispute, India--Pakistan Rivalry, and the Siachin Glacier Dispute April 1984--September 1985

221

(1)

India--Bangladesh: Boundary Disputes and the Muhuri River Incidents February--April 1986

222

(1)

India--Pakistan: Territorial Dispute, Siachin Glacier/ Kashmir Conflict, and India--Pakistan Rivalry Late 1986--Ongoing

222

(1)

Maldives: Attempted Coup and Invasion November 1988

223

(1)

Kyrgyzstan: Uzbek and Kyrgyzis Ethnic Conflict and Post-Soviet Violence June 1990

223

(1)

Tajikistan: Post-Soviet Strife and Ethnic-Based Civil War April 1992--June 1997

224

(1)

Nepal: Intervention and Maoist Guerrilla Insurgency Mid-1998--September 1999

225

(1)

India--Bangladesh: Kushita Border Incident April--August 1999

225

(1)

Uzbekistan--Kyrgyzstan/Tajikistan: Border Insurgency August 1999--September 2000

225

(1)

Bangladesh--India: Border Incident and Seizure of Perdiwah April--July 2001

226

(1)

United States--Afghanistan: Post--September 11 ``War on Terrorism,'' Al Qaeda Terrorist Links, and Terrorist Containment September--December 2001

227

(2)

Europe

229

(29)

List of Conflicts

229

(1)

Countries in the Region

230

(1)

Regional Overview

231

(1)

Overview of Conflict

231

(2)

Conflict Management

233

(3)

Greece: Antimonarchist Communist Insurgency and Civil War 1945--1949

236

(1)

Albania--United Kingdom: Corfu Channel Dispute May 1946--December 1949

237

(1)

Yugoslavia--United States: Cold War Air Incidents August 1946

237

(1)

USSR--Yugoslavia: Ideological Rift Early 1948--December 1954

238

(1)

USSR--The Western Allies: The Berlin Airlift Crisis June 1948--May 1949

238

(1)

Italy--Yugoslavia: Cold War and Trieste Territorial Dispute March 1952--October 1954

239

(1)

Cyprus--United Kingdom: Intercommunal Violence and the Enosis Movement April 1955--February 1959

239

(1)

USSR--Poland: Polish October October 1956

240

(1)

USSR--Hungary: Anti-Communist Revolt, Soviet Invasion, and the Hungarian Uprising of 1956 October--December 1956

240

(1)

USSR--United States: Cold War Dispute and the Berlin Wall July--November 1961

241

(1)

Cyprus: Intercommunal Violence and Civil War December 1963--November 1967

242

(1)

USSR--Czechoslovakia: Liberalization Movement, the Prague Spring, and Soviet Military Invasion August 1968

242

(1)

Iceland--United Kingdom, West Germany, and Denmark: The Cod War November 1971--June 1976

243

(1)

Cyprus: Communal Violence, Turkish--Greek Invasions, and Partition January 1974--June 1978

244

(1)

Poland: Internal Crisis, Solidarity Labor Movement, and the Declaration of Martial Law December 1981--February 1982

244

(1)

Turkey--Greece: Regional Rivalry and Naval Incidents March 1984--January 1988

245

(1)

Georgia--South Ossetia: Abkhazia Secession War March 1989--Ongoing

245

(1)

Yugoslavia: Ethnic and Religious Warfare and the Balkans Civil War Mid-1989--November 2000

246

(2)

USSR--Lithuania: Post-Soviet Independence Crisis March 1990--Late 1991

248

(1)

Azerbaijan--Armenia: Nagorno--Karabakh Conflict August 1990--Ongoing

248

(1)

Gagauzia/Dniester--Moldova: Post-Soviet Strife and Gagauzia's Struggle for Autonomy October 1990--July 1992

249

(1)

USSR--Latvia: Post-Soviet Independence Crisis January 1991

250

(1)

Macedonia: Civil War, Incursion, and NATO/EU Involvement January 1991--Ongoing

251

(1)

Russia--Chechnya: Post-Soviet Strife, Separatist Fighting, Chechen and Caucasus Conflicts October 1992--Ongoing

252

(1)

Cyprus: Ethnic-Based Tensions and Partition Incidents April 1993

253

(1)

Greece--Albania: Border Tensions April 1994

253

(1)

Cyprus: Partition Incidents June 1996--Ongoing

254

(1)

Yugoslavia--Kosovo: Kosovo Conflict and Civil War October 1997--Ongoing

254

(1)

Russia--Republic of Dagestan: The Dagestan Independence Dispute May 1999

255

(1)

Russia--Georgia: Chechen Separatism August 2000--Ongoing

255

(3)

Middle East

258

(45)

List of Conflicts

258

(2)

Countries in the Region

260

(1)

Regional Overview

260

(3)

Overview of Conflict

263

(1)

Conflict Management

263

(2)

France--Levant (Syria/Lebanon): Independence Crisis 1945--December 1946

265

(1)

USSR--Iran: Pro-Communist Campaign of Secession and Azerbaijan/Kurdistan Crisis August 1945--October 1947

265

(1)

Israel: British Decolonization, Arab--Israeli Territorial Dispute, and War of Independence May 1948--January 1949

266

(1)

Syria--Lebanon: Syrian Exiles Dispute May--August 1949

266

(1)

Syria--Israel: Lake Tiberias/Huleh Resource Dispute April--May 1951

267

(1)

Egypt--United Kingdom: Suez Canal Zone Sovereignty Dispute January 1952--January 1956

268

(1)

Saudi Arabia--Oman/United Kingdom: The Buraymi Oasis Resource Dispute August 1952--October 1955

268

(1)

Israel--Jordan: West Bank Border Conflict January 1953--December 1954

269

(1)

Turkey--Syria: Border Incidents March 1955--1957

269

(1)

Syria--Israel: Lake Tiberias Dispute October--December 1955

270

(1)

Yemen--United Kingdom: Aden Conflict 1956--1960

270

(1)

Israel--Jordan: Mt. Scopus Conflict July 1956--January 1958

271

(1)

Egypt--United Kingdom/France: Sovereignty Dispute and Suez War October--November 1956

271

(1)

Israel--Syria: Arab--Israeli Territorial Dispute over the Golan Heights July 1957--February 1958

272

(1)

Egypt--Sudan: Postindependence Territorial Dispute February 1958

272

(1)

Lebanon: Internal Strife and the First Lebanese Civil War May 1958--June 1959

273

(1)

Syria--Iraq: Syrian-Backed Putsch, Government Suppression, and Mosul Revolt March--April 1959

273

(1)

Kurds--Iraq: Kurdish Secession Attempt March 1961--1966

274

(1)

Iraq--Kuwait: Territorial Dispute and the Kuwaiti Independence Crisis June 1961--February 1962

274

(1)

Syria--Israel: Arab--Israeli Territorial Dispute over Lake Tiberias February 1962--August 1963

275

(1)

North Yemen: Civil War and Royalist Rebellion September 1962--October 1967

275

(1)

Syria--Israel: Arab--Israeli Dispute and Border Incidents June 1964--July 1966

276

(1)

Israel--Jordan: Arab--Israeli Dispute and Border Incidents December 1964--April 1966

276

(1)

Lebanon--Israel: Arab--Israeli Dispute and the Houla Raids October 1965

277

(1)

Israel--Arab States: The Six-Day War June 1967

277

(1)

Iraq--Kurds: Kurdish Struggle for Autonomy October 1968--March 1970

278

(1)

North Yemen--Saudi Arabia: Border Conflict November 1969--October 1970

278

(1)

The PLO--Jordan: Coup Attempt February 1970--August 1971

278

(1)

Iraq--Iran: Border Tensions and the Shatt al-Arab Waterway Dispute 1971

279

(1)

North Yemen--South Yemen: Anti-Communist Insurgency and Border Conflict October 1971--October 1972

279

(1)

Iran--United Arab Emirates: Tunb Islands Territorial Dispute November 1971

280

(1)

Oman--South Yemen: Antigovernment Insurgency and Dhofar Rebellion 1972--August 1974

280

(1)

Iran--Iraq: Territorial Dispute and Border War January 1972--February 1975

281

(1)

Syria/PLO--Israel: PLO Raids, Retaliatory Air Strikes, and the Golan Heights Conflict March 1972--January 1973

281

(1)

Iraq--Kuwait: Territorial Dispute and Border Incidents March 1973--July 1975

282

(1)

Israel--Egypt and Syria: Arab--Israeli Territorial Dispute, Arab--Israeli Wars, and the Yom Kippur War October 1973

282

(1)

Kurds--Iraq: Attempted Secession and the Kurdish Rebellion March 1974--July 1975

283

(1)

Israel--Lebanon: Arab Infiltrators and Cross--Border Attacks April 1974--July 1975

283

(1)

Lebanon: Internal Strife, Communal Violence, and the Second Lebanese Civil War February 1975--Late 1992

284

(1)

Syria--Iraq: Resource Dispute over the Euphrates River April--Late 1975

284

(1)

Iran: Internal Strife, Orthodox Muslim Backlash, Iranian Civil War, and Islamic Revolution 1976--1980

285

(1)

Kurds--Iraq: Kurdish Separatist Insurgency and Kurdish Autonomy May 1976--Ongoing

286

(1)

Israel--Lebanon: Arab--Israeli Tensions, Christian--Muslim Factional Fighting, and Border Incidents Mid--Late 1977

287

(1)

Egypt--Libya: Regional Tensions and Border War July--September 1977

287

(1)

Israel--Lebanon/PLO: Arab--Israeli Tensions, PLO Incursions, and Israeli Invasion of Southern Lebanon March--June 1978

288

(1)

North Yemen--South Yemen: Border War February 1979--February 1980

289

(1)

Israel--Syria: Arab--Israeli Tensions and Air Incidents June 1979--February 1980

289

(1)

Saudi Arabia--North Yemen: Covert Military Aid and Border Conflict August 1979--March 1980

290

(1)

Iran--United States: Anti-American Sentiment, Islamic Revolution, and Hostage Crisis November 1979--January 1981

290

(1)

Iran--Iraq: Regional Rivalry, Territorial Dispute, and the Iran--Iraq War February 1980--1989

291

(1)

Libya--United States: Regional Instability and Air Incidents August 1981

291

(1)

Israel--Lebanon: Israeli Invasion of Lebanon Early 1982--Mid--1983

292

(1)

Israel--Lebanon: Arab--Israeli Hostilities, Muslim--Christian Factional Fighting, and the Security Zone Mid-1983--Ongoing

293

(1)

Kurds--Turkey: Kurdish Secession Struggle August 1984--Ongoing

293

(2)

United States--Libya: International Terrorism Fears and Naval Incidents January--April 1986

295

(1)

Qatar--Bahrain: Sovereignty Dispute and the Hawar Islands Dispute April 1986

295

(1)

United States--Libya: Rabat Chemical Plant Tensions and Mediterranean Air Incident January 1989

295

(1)

Iraq--Kuwait/Coalition Forces: Territorial Dispute, Iraqi Expansionism, and the Gulf War August 1990--May 1991

296

(1)

Iran--United Arab Emirates/Egypt: Abu Musa and Tunb Islands Territorial Dispute April 1992

297

(1)

Saudi Arabia--Qatar: Post--Gulf War Tensions and Border Incidents September--October 1992

297

(1)

Egypt--Sudan: Territorial/Resource Dispute and Halaib Dispute December 1992

297

(1)

Iraq--Coalition Forces: Post--Gulf War Incidents December 1992--July 1993

298

(1)

Yemen: Unification Difficulties and Yemen Civil War November 1993--July 1994

298

(1)

Iraq--Coalition Forces: Post--Gulf War Tensions and Kuwaiti Border Incidents October 1994

299

(1)

Saudi Arabia--Yemen: Post--Gulf War Border Conflict December 1994

299

(1)

Iran--Iraq: Regional Rivalry and Border Incidents September 1997

300

(1)

Israel--Syria: Border Clashes February 2001--Ongoing

300

(3)

Appendixes

303

(32)

A. Countries and Their Regions

303

(3)

B. Chronology of Regional Conflicts

306

(11)

C. Organization Factsheets

317

(18)

References

335

(10)

Index

345

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Regional Guide to International Conflict and Management From 1945 to 2003

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials