Note: Supplemental materials are not guaranteed with Rental or Used book purchases.
- ISBN: 9780849330520 | 0849330521
- Cover: Hardcover
- Copyright: 3/5/2007
For two decades, Ben Gerwick's ability to capture the current state of practice and present it in a straightforward, easily digestible manner has made Construction of Marine and Offshore Structures the reference of choice for modern civil and maritime construction engineers. The third edition of this bestseller continues to be the most modern and authoritative guide in the field. Updated and expanded throughout to reflect new technologies, methods, and materials, it includes new information on such topics as liquefaction of loose sediments, scour and erosion, archaeological concerns, high-performance steel, ultra-high-performance concrete, steel H piles, and damage from sabotage and terrorism.
Introduction | |
General | p. 1 |
Geography | p. 3 |
Ecological Environment | p. 4 |
Legal Jurisdiction | p. 4 |
Offshore Construction Relationships and Sequences | p. 5 |
Typical Marine Structures and Contracts | p. 8 |
Interaction of Design and Construction | p. 9 |
Physical Environmental Aspects of Marine and Offshore Construction | |
General | p. 15 |
Distances and Depths | p. 15 |
Hydrostatic Pressure and Buoyancy | p. 16 |
Temperature | p. 17 |
Seawater and Sea-Air Interface Chemistry | p. 18 |
Marine Organisms | p. 18 |
Currents | p. 20 |
Waves and Swells | p. 25 |
Winds and Storms | p. 31 |
Tides and Storm Surges | p. 34 |
Rain, Snow, Fog, Spray, Atmospheric Icing, and Lightning | p. 36 |
Sea Ice and Icebergs | p. 37 |
Seismicity, Seaquakes, and Tsunamis | p. 42 |
Floods | p. 43 |
Scour | p. 44 |
Siltation and Bed Loads | p. 44 |
Sabotage and Terrorism | p. 45 |
Ship Traffic | p. 45 |
Fire and Smoke | p. 46 |
Accidental Events | p. 46 |
Global Warming | p. 47 |
Geotechnical Aspects: Seafloor and Marine Soils | |
General | p. 49 |
Dense Sands | p. 52 |
Liquefaction of Soils | p. 52 |
Calcareous Sands | p. 53 |
Glacial Till and Boulders on Seafloor | p. 53 |
Overconsolidated Silts | p. 54 |
Subsea Permafrost and Clathrates | p. 55 |
Weak Arctic Silts and Clays | p. 56 |
Ice Scour and Pingos | p. 56 |
Methane Gas | p. 56 |
Muds and Clays | p. 56 |
Underwater Slopes in Clays | p. 57 |
Pile Driving "Set-Up" | p. 58 |
Short-Term Bearing Strength | p. 58 |
Dredging | p. 58 |
Sampling | p. 58 |
Penetration | p. 59 |
Consolidation of Clays; Improvement in Strength | p. 59 |
Coral and Similar Biogenic Soils; Cemented Soils, Cap Rock | p. 59 |
Unconsolidated Sands | p. 60 |
Underwater Sand Dunes ("Megadunes") | p. 62 |
Bedrock Outcrops | p. 62 |
Cobbles | p. 63 |
Deep Gravel Deposits | p. 64 |
Seafloor Oozes | p. 64 |
Seafloor Instability and Slumping; Turbidity Currents | p. 64 |
Scour and Erosion | p. 65 |
Concluding Remarks | p. 66 |
Ecological and Societal Impacts of Marine Construction | |
General | p. 69 |
Oil and Petroleum Products | p. 69 |
Toxic Chemicals | p. 70 |
Contaminated Soils | p. 71 |
Construction Wastes | p. 71 |
Turbidity | p. 71 |
Sediment Transport, Scour, and Erosion | p. 72 |
Air Pollution | p. 72 |
Marine Life: Mammals and Birds, Fish, and Other Biota | p. 73 |
Aquifers | p. 74 |
Noise | p. 74 |
Highway, Rail, Barge, and Air Traffic | p. 75 |
Protection of Existing Structures | p. 75 |
Liquefaction | p. 77 |
Safety of the Public and Third-Party Vessels | p. 77 |
Archaeological Concerns | p. 78 |
Materials and Fabrication for Marine Structures | |
General | p. 79 |
Steel Structures for the Marine Environment | p. 79 |
Steel Materials | p. 80 |
Fabrication and Welding | p. 80 |
Erection of Structural Steel | p. 85 |
Coatings and Corrosion Protection of Steel Structures | p. 88 |
High Performance Steels | p. 91 |
Structural Concrete | p. 91 |
General | p. 91 |
Concrete Mixes and Properties | p. 91 |
High Performance Concrete- "Flowing Concrete" | p. 95 |
Structural Low-Density Concrete | p. 96 |
Ultra-High Performance Concrete (UHPC) | p. 97 |
Conveyance and Placement of Concrete | p. 97 |
Curing | p. 98 |
Steel Reinforcement | p. 98 |
Prestressing Tendons and Accessories | p. 102 |
Embedments | p. 105 |
Coatings for Marine Concrete | p. 106 |
Construction Joints | p. 106 |
Forming and Support | p. 107 |
Tolerances | p. 108 |
Hybrid Steel-Concrete Structures | p. 108 |
Hybrid Structures | p. 109 |
Composite Construction | p. 109 |
Plastics and Synthetic Materials, Composites | p. 111 |
Titanium | p. 113 |
Rock, Sand, and Asphaltic-Bituminous Materials | p. 114 |
Marine and Offshore Construction Equipment | |
General | p. 117 |
Basic Motions in a Seaway | p. 118 |
Buoyancy, Draft, and Freeboard | p. 120 |
Stability | p. 121 |
Damage Control | p. 124 |
Barges | p. 126 |
Crane Barges | p. 130 |
Offshore Derrick Barges (Fully Revolving) | p. 134 |
Semisubmersible Barges | p. 137 |
Jack-Up Construction Barges | p. 140 |
Launch Barges | p. 144 |
Catamaran Barges | p. 146 |
Dredges | p. 147 |
Pipe-Laying Barges | p. 152 |
Supply Boats | p. 155 |
Anchor-Handling Boats | p. 156 |
Towboats | p. 156 |
Drilling Vessels | p. 157 |
Crew Boats | p. 158 |
Floating Concrete Plant | p. 158 |
Tower Cranes | p. 159 |
Specialized Equipment | p. 160 |
Marine Operations | |
Towing | p. 161 |
Moorings and Anchors | p. 169 |
Mooring Lines | p. 169 |
Anchors | p. 170 |
Drag Anchors | p. 170 |
Pile Anchors | p. 174 |
Propellant Anchors | p. 174 |
Suction Anchors | p. 175 |
Driven-Plate Anchors | p. 175 |
Mooring Systems | p. 175 |
Handling Heavy Loads at Sea | p. 183 |
General | p. 183 |
Personnel Transfer at Sea | p. 190 |
Underwater Intervention, Diving, Underwater Work Systems, Remote-Operated Vehicles (ROVs), and Manipulators | p. 194 |
Diving | p. 194 |
Remote-Operated Vehicles (ROVs) | p. 201 |
Manipulators | p. 203 |
Underwater Concreting and Grouting | p. 203 |
General | p. 203 |
Underwater Concrete Mixes | p. 204 |
Placement of Tremie Concrete | p. 205 |
Special Admixtures for Concreting Underwater | p. 209 |
Grout-Intruded Aggregate | p. 212 |
Pumped Concrete and Mortar | p. 213 |
Underbase Grout | p. 213 |
Grout for Transfer of Forces from Piles to Sleeves and Jacket Legs | p. 215 |
Low-Strength Underwater Concrete | p. 215 |
Summary | p. 215 |
Offshore Surveying, Navigation, and Seafloor Surveys | p. 216 |
Temporary Buoyancy Augmentation | p. 223 |
Seafloor Modifications and Improvements | |
General | p. 225 |
Controls for Grade and Position | p. 226 |
Determination of Existing Conditions | p. 226 |
Seafloor Dredging, Obstruction Removal, and Leveling | p. 227 |
Dredging and Removal of Hard Material and Rock | p. 235 |
Placement of Underwater Fills | p. 240 |
Consolidation and Strengthening of Weak Soils | p. 245 |
Prevention of Liquefaction | p. 248 |
Scour Protection | p. 248 |
Concluding Remarks | p. 252 |
Installation of Piles in Marine and Offshore Structure | |
General | p. 255 |
Fabrication of Tubular Steel Piles | p. 259 |
Transportation of Piling | p. 260 |
Installing Piles | p. 262 |
Methods of Increasing Penetration | p. 285 |
Insert Piles | p. 290 |
Anchoring into Rock or Hardpan | p. 291 |
Testing High Capacity Piles | p. 292 |
Steel H Piles | p. 293 |
Enhancing Stiffness and Capacity of Piles | p. 293 |
Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Piles | p. 294 |
Handling and Positioning of Piles for Offshore Terminals | p. 296 |
Drilled and Grouted Piles | p. 297 |
Cast-in-Drilled-Hole Piles, Drilled Shafts | p. 302 |
Other Installation Experience | p. 312 |
Installation in Difficult Soils | p. 312 |
Other Methods of Improving the Capacity of Driven Piles | p. 313 |
Slurry Walls, Secant Walls, and Tangent Walls | p. 315 |
Steel Sheet Piles | p. 316 |
Vibratory Pile Hammers | p. 317 |
Micropiles | p. 317 |
Harbor, River, and Estuary Structures | |
General | p. 319 |
Harbor Structures | p. 319 |
Types | p. 319 |
Pile-Supported Structures | p. 319 |
Steel Piles | p. 319 |
Concrete Piles | p. 320 |
Installation | p. 320 |
Batter (Raker) Piles | p. 322 |
Pile Location | p. 323 |
Jetting | p. 323 |
Driving Through Obstructions or Very Hard Material | p. 323 |
Staying of Piles | p. 324 |
Head Connections | p. 325 |
Concrete Deck | p. 326 |
Fender System | p. 327 |
Bulkheads, Quay Walls | p. 327 |
Description | p. 327 |
Sheet Pile Bulkheads | p. 327 |
Caisson Quay Walls | p. 330 |
River Structures | p. 331 |
Description | p. 331 |
Sheet Pile Cellular Structures | p. 331 |
"Lift-In" Precast Concrete Shells-"In-the-Wet" Construction | p. 335 |
Float-In Concrete Structures | p. 336 |
General | p. 336 |
Prefabrication | p. 337 |
Launching | p. 338 |
Installation | p. 339 |
Leveling Pads | p. 339 |
Underfill | p. 340 |
Foundations for Overwater Bridge Piers | p. 343 |
General | p. 343 |
Open Caissons | p. 344 |
Pneumatic Caissons | p. 345 |
Gravity-Base Caissons (Box Caissons) | p. 346 |
Pile-Supported Box Caissons | p. 357 |
Large-Diameter Tubular Piles | p. 360 |
Steel Tubular Piles | p. 360 |
Prestressed Concrete Tubular Piles | p. 367 |
Connection of Piles to Footing Block (Pile Cap) | p. 370 |
CIDH Drilled Shafts (Piles) | p. 371 |
Cofferdams | p. 371 |
Steel Sheet Pile Cofferdams | p. 372 |
Liquefaction During Cofferdam Construction | p. 375 |
Cofferdams on Slope | p. 376 |
Deep Cofferdams | p. 376 |
Portable Cofferdams | p. 378 |
Protective Structures for Bridge Piers | p. 378 |
Belled Piers | p. 379 |
Submerged Prefabricated Tunnels (Tubes) | p. 381 |
Description | p. 381 |
Prefabrication of Steel-Concrete Composite Tunnel Segments | p. 382 |
Prefabrication of All-Concrete Tube Segments | p. 383 |
Preparation of Trench | p. 384 |
Installing the Segments | p. 385 |
Underfill and Backfill | p. 386 |
Portal Connections | p. 386 |
Pile-Supported Tunnels | p. 386 |
Submerged Floating Tunnels | p. 387 |
Storm Surge Barriers | p. 387 |
Description | p. 387 |
Venice Storm Surge Barrier | p. 388 |
Oosterschelde Storm Surge Barrier | p. 389 |
Flow-Control Structures | p. 397 |
Description | p. 397 |
Temperature Control Devices | p. 397 |
Coastal Structures | |
General | p. 399 |
Ocean Outfalls and Intakes | p. 399 |
Breakwaters | p. 408 |
General | p. 408 |
Rubble-Mound Breakwaters | p. 408 |
Caisson-Type Breakwaters and Caisson-Retained Islands | p. 414 |
Sheet Pile Cellular Breakwaters | p. 415 |
Offshore Terminals | p. 416 |
Offshore Platforms: Steel Jackets and Pin Piles | |
General | p. 433 |
Fabrication of Steel Jackets | p. 434 |
Load-Out, Tie-Down, and Transport | p. 435 |
Removal of Jacket from Transport Barge; Lifting; Launching | p. 444 |
Upending of Jacket | p. 452 |
Installation on the Seafloor | p. 455 |
Pile and Conductor Installation | p. 458 |
Deck Installation | p. 461 |
Examples | p. 464 |
Example 1-Hondo | p. 464 |
Example 2-Cognac | p. 472 |
Example 3-Cerveza | p. 476 |
Concrete Offshore Platforms: Gravity-Base Structures | |
General | p. 479 |
Stages of Construction | p. 483 |
Stage 1-Construction Basin | p. 483 |
Stage 2-Construction of Base Raft | p. 487 |
Stage 3-Float-Out | p. 490 |
Stage 4-Mooring at Deep-Water Construction Site | p. 491 |
Stage 5-Construction at Deep-Water Site | p. 492 |
Stage 6-Shaft Construction | p. 501 |
Stage 7-Towing to Deep-Water Mating Site | p. 505 |
Stage 8-Construction of Deck Structure | p. 505 |
Stage 9-Deck Transport | p. 507 |
Stage 10-Submergence of Substructure for Deck Mating | p. 509 |
Stage 11-Deck Mating | p. 510 |
Stage 12-Hookup | p. 513 |
Stage 13-Towing to Installation Site | p. 513 |
Stage 14-Installation at Site | p. 514 |
Stage 15-Installation of Conductors | p. 524 |
Alternative Concepts for Construction | p. 525 |
Sub-Base Construction | p. 529 |
Platform Relocation | p. 530 |
Hybrid Concrete-Steel Platforms | p. 530 |
Permanently Floating Structures | |
General | p. 533 |
Fabrication of Concrete Floating Structures | p. 537 |
Concrete Properties of Special Importance to Floating Structures | p. 540 |
Construction and Launching | p. 541 |
Floating Concrete Bridges | p. 544 |
Floating Tunnels | p. 544 |
Semi-Submersibles | p. 545 |
Barges | p. 545 |
Floating Airfields | p. 547 |
Structures for Permanently Floating Service | p. 548 |
Marinas | p. 549 |
Piers for Berthing Large Ships | p. 549 |
Floating Breakwaters | p. 549 |
Mating Afloat | p. 549 |
Other Applications of Marine and Offshore Construction Technology | |
General | p. 553 |
Single-Point Moorings | p. 554 |
Articulated Columns | p. 557 |
Seafloor Templates | p. 566 |
Underwater Oil Storage Vessels | p. 572 |
Cable Arrays, Moored Buoys, and Seafloor Deployment | p. 573 |
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion | p. 574 |
Offshore Export and Import Terminals for Cryogenic Gas-LNG and LPG | p. 576 |
General | p. 576 |
Offshore Wind-Power Foundations | p. 580 |
Wave-Power Structures | p. 580 |
Tidal Power Stations | p. 581 |
Barrier Walls | p. 581 |
Breakwaters | p. 582 |
Installation of Submarine Pipelines | |
General | p. 583 |
Conventional S-Lay Barge | p. 586 |
Bottom-Pull Method | p. 603 |
Reel Barge | p. 610 |
Surface Float | p. 612 |
Controlled Underwater Flotation (Controlled Subsurface Float) | p. 613 |
Controlled Above-Bottom Pull | p. 613 |
J-Tube Method from Platform | p. 615 |
J-Lay from Barge | p. 615 |
S-Curve with Collapsible Floats | p. 616 |
Bundled Pipes | p. 616 |
Directional Drilling (Horizontal Drilling) | p. 616 |
Laying Under Ice | p. 617 |
Protection of Pipelines: Burial and Covering with Rock | p. 617 |
Support of Pipelines | p. 624 |
Cryogenic Pipelines for LNG and LPG | p. 625 |
Plastic and Composite Pipelines and Cables | |
Submarine Pipelines of Composite Materials and Plastics | p. 627 |
High Density Polyethylene Pipelines | p. 627 |
Fiber-Reinforced Glass Pipes | p. 629 |
Composite Flexible Pipelines and Risers | p. 630 |
Cable Laying | p. 631 |
Topside Installation | |
General | p. 633 |
Module Erection | p. 633 |
Hookup | p. 636 |
Giant Modules and Transfer of Complete Deck | p. 637 |
Float-Over Deck Structures | p. 638 |
Delivery and Installation | p. 638 |
Hi-Deck Method | p. 640 |
French "Smart" System | p. 640 |
The Wandoo Platform | p. 641 |
Other Methods | p. 641 |
Repairs to Marine Structures | |
General | p. 643 |
Principles Governing Repairs | p. 644 |
Repairs to Steel Structures | p. 645 |
Repairs to Corroded Steel Members | p. 648 |
Repairs to Concrete Structures | p. 648 |
Repairs to Foundations | p. 653 |
Fire Damage | p. 655 |
Pipeline Repairs | p. 655 |
Strengthening Existing Structures | |
General | p. 659 |
Strengthening of Offshore Platforms, Terminals, Members and Assemblies | p. 659 |
Increasing Capacity of Existing Piles for Axial Loads | p. 660 |
Increasing Lateral Capacity of Piles and Structures in Soil-Structure Interaction | p. 666 |
Penetrations Through Concrete Walls | p. 667 |
Seismic Retrofit | p. 669 |
Removal and Salvage | |
Removal of Offshore Platforms | p. 671 |
Removal of Piled Structures (Terminals, Trestles, Shallow-Water Platforms) | p. 672 |
Removal of Pile-Supported Steel Platforms | p. 673 |
Removal of Concrete Gravity: Base Offshore Platforms | p. 676 |
New Developments in Salvage Techniques | p. 679 |
Removal of Harbor Structures | p. 679 |
Removal of Coastal Structures | p. 680 |
Constructibility | |
General | p. 681 |
Construction Stages for Offshore Structures | p. 682 |
Principles of Constructibility | p. 686 |
Facilities and Methods for Fabrication | p. 687 |
Launching | p. 687 |
Launch Barges | p. 687 |
Lifting for Transport | p. 688 |
Construction in a Graving Dock or Drydock | p. 688 |
Construction in a Basin | p. 688 |
Launching from a Ways or a Launch Barge | p. 689 |
Sand Jacking | p. 690 |
Rolling-In | p. 691 |
Jacking Down | p. 691 |
Barge Launching by Ballasting | p. 691 |
Assembly and Jointing Afloat | p. 692 |
Material Selection and Procedures | p. 693 |
Construction Procedures | p. 695 |
Access | p. 701 |
Tolerances | p. 702 |
Survey Control | p. 703 |
Quality Control and Assurance | p. 704 |
Safety | p. 705 |
Control of Construction: Feedback and Modification | p. 706 |
Contingency Planning | p. 707 |
Manuals | p. 708 |
On-Site Instruction Sheets | p. 710 |
Risk and Reliability Evaluation | p. 711 |
Construction in the Deep Sea | |
General | p. 717 |
Considerations and Phenomena for Deep-Sea Operations | p. 718 |
Techniques for Deep-Sea Construction | p. 719 |
Properties of Materials for the Deep Sea | p. 721 |
Platforms in the Deep Sea: Compliant Structures | p. 726 |
Description | p. 726 |
Guyed Towers | p. 727 |
Compliant (Flexible) Tower | p. 730 |
Articulated Towers | p. 733 |
Tension-Leg Platforms (TLP's) | p. 733 |
SPARS | p. 735 |
Ship-Shaped FPSOs | p. 735 |
Deep-Water Moorings | p. 736 |
Construction Operations on the Deep Seafloor | p. 740 |
Deep-Water Pipe Laying | p. 743 |
Seafloor Well Completions | p. 746 |
Deep-Water Bridge Piers | p. 746 |
Arctic Marine Structures | |
General | p. 751 |
Sea Ice and Icebergs | p. 752 |
Atmospheric Conditions | p. 755 |
Arctic Seafloor and Geotechnics | p. 756 |
Oceanographic | p. 758 |
Ecological Considerations | p. 759 |
Logistics and Operations | p. 760 |
Earthwork in the Arctic Offshore | p. 762 |
Ice Structures | p. 766 |
Steel and Concrete Structures for the Arctic | p. 768 |
Steel Tower Platforms | p. 768 |
Caisson-Retained Islands | p. 768 |
Shallow-Water Gravity-Base Caissons | p. 769 |
Jack-Up Structures | p. 770 |
Bottom-Founded Deep-Water Structures | p. 770 |
Floating Structures | p. 772 |
Well Protectors and Seafloor Templates | p. 773 |
Deployment of Structures in the Arctic | p. 774 |
Installation at Site | p. 776 |
Ice Condition Surveys and Ice Management | p. 786 |
Durability | p. 787 |
Constructibility | p. 789 |
Pipeline Installation | p. 790 |
Current Arctic Developments | p. 791 |
References | p. 793 |
Index | p. 797 |
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