Catalytic Air Pollution Control Commercial

Learn how to take advantage of the latest innovations in catalytic technology

Ronald M. Heck, PHD, is President of RMH Consulting, where he specializes in consultation on environmental catalysis for auto, diesel, and stationary sources; general catalysis; fuel cells; reaction engineering; combustion technology; and chemical engineering. Previously, Dr. Heck was a Research Manager responsible for developing new catalyst technology for Engelhard Corporation's worldwide customers in environmental catalysis.

Robert J. Farrauto, PHD, is a Research Fellow at BASF Catalysts and Adjunct Professor in the Earth and Environmental Engineering Department of Columbia University in the City of New York, where he teaches courses in catalysis and supervises graduate student research. His responsibilities at BASF Catalysts include the development of advanced catalysts for the hydrogen economy. He has worked extensively in the development of catalysts for the environmental, petroleum, and chemical industries.

Suresh T. Gulati, PHD, is a Consultant to the Science and Technology Division of Corning. He has also been a research fellow with Corning, specializing in the behavior of brittle materials. Dr. Gulati has many years of experience working with automotive substrates, with an emphasis on their design and durability for diesel and passenger car applications.

Preface	p. xiii
Acknowledgments	p. xvii
Acknowledgments, First Edition	p. xix
Acknowledgments, Second Edition	p. xxi
Fundamentals	p. 1
Catalyst Fundamentals	p. 3
Introduction	p. 3
Catalyzed Versus Noncatalyzed Reactions	p. 3
Catalytic Components	p. 13
Selectivity	p. 14
Promoters and their Effect on Activity and Selectivity	p. 15
Dispersed Model for Catalytic Component on Carrier: Pt on Al2O3	p. 16
Chemical and Physical Steps in Heterogeneous Catalysis	p. 18
Practical Significance of Knowing the Rate-Limiting Step	p. 21
References	p. 22
Questions	p. 23
The Preparation of Catalytic Materials: Carriers, Active Components, and Monolithic Substrates	p. 24
Introduction	p. 24
Carriers	p. 24
Making the Finished Catalyst	p. 30
Nomenclature for Dispersed Catalysts	p. 32
Monolithic Materials as Catalyst Substrates	p. 32
Preparing Monolithic Catalysts	p. 36
Catalytic Monoliths	p. 37
Catalyzed Monolith Nomenclature	p. 38
Precious Metal Recovery from Monolithic Catalysts	p. 38
References	p. 38
Questions	p. 40
Catalyst Characterization	p. 41
Introduction	p. 41
Physical Properties of Catalysts	p. 42
Chemical and Physical Morphology Structures of Catalytic Materials	p. 48
Techniques for Fundamental Studies	p. 60
References	p. 61
Questions	p. 62
Monolithic Reactors for Environmental Catalysis	p. 63
Introduction	p. 63
Chemical Kinetic Control	p. 63
The Arrhenius Equation and Reaction Parameters	p. 66
Bulk Mass Transfer	p. 69
Reactor Bed Pressure Drop	p. 74
Summary	p. 76
References	p. 76
Questions	p. 77
Catalyst Deactivation	p. 79
Introduction	p. 79
Thermally Induced Deactivation	p. 79
Poisoning	p. 88
Washcoat Loss	p. 94
General Comments on Deactivation Diagnostics in Monolithic Catalysts for Environmental Applications	p. 95
References	p. 97
Questions	p. 98
Mobile Source	p. 101
Automotive Catalyst	p. 103
Emissions and Regulations	p. 103
The Catalytic Reactions for Pollution Abatement	p. 106
The Physical Structure of the Catalytic Converter	p. 107
First-Generation Converters: Oxidation Catalyst (1976-1979)	p. 114
NOx, CO and HC Reduction: The Second Generation: The Three-Way Catalyst (1979-1986)	p. 118
Vehicle Test Procedures (U.S., European, and Japanese)	p. 123
NOx, CO, and HC Reduction: The Third Generation (1986-1992)	p. 128
Palladium TWC Catalyst: The Fourth Generation (Mid-1990s)	p. 136
Low-Emission Catalyst Technologies	p. 138
Modern TWC Technologies for the 2000s	p. 146
Toward a Zero-Emission Stoichiometric Spark-Ignited Vehicle	p. 148
Engineered Catalyst Design	p. 153
Lean-Burn Spark-Ignited Gasoline Engine	p. 157
References	p. 163
Questions	p. 174
Automotive Substrates	p. 176
Introduction to Ceramic Substrates	p. 176
Requirements for Substrates	p. 178
Design/Sizing of Substrates	p. 180
Physical Properties of Substrates	p. 185
Physical Durability	p. 194
Advances in Substrates	p. 207
Commercial Applications	p. 222
Summary	p. 229
References	p. 230
Questions	p. 236
Diesel Engine Emissions	p. 238
Introduction	p. 238
Worldwide Diesel Emission Standards	p. 241
NOx-Particulate Trade-Off	p. 245
Analytical Procedures for Particulates	p. 245
Particulate Removal	p. 246
NOx Reduction Technologies	p. 263
2007 Commercial System Designs (PM Removal Only)	p. 272
2010 Commercial System Approaches under Development (PM and NOx Removal)	p. 275
Retrofit and Off-Highway	p. 281
Natural Gas Engines	p. 282
References	p. 283
Questions	p. 292
Diesel Catalyst Supports and Particulate Filters	p. 295
Introduction	p. 295
Health Effects of Diesel Particulate Emissions	p. 298
Diesel Oxidation Catalyst Supports	p. 298
Design/Sizing of a Diesel Particulate Filter	p. 302
Regeneration Techniques	p. 313
Physical Properties and Durability	p. 319
Advances in Diesel Filters	p. 324
Applications	p. 340
Summary	p. 350
References	p. 352
Questions	p. 355
Ozone Abatement within Jet Aircraft	p. 357
Introduction	p. 357
Ozone Abatement	p. 358
Deactivation	p. 363
Analysis of In-Flight Samples	p. 365
New Technology	p. 371
References	p. 372
Questions	p. 373
Stationary Sources	p. 375
Volatile Organic Compounds	p. 377
Introduction	p. 377
Catalytic Incineration	p. 379
Halogenated Hydrocarbons	p. 383
Food Processing	p. 390
Wood Stoves	p. 392
Process Design	p. 394
Deactivation	p. 394
Regeneration of Deactivated Catalysts	p. 395
References	p. 399
Questions	p. 401
Reduction of NOx	p. 403
Introduction	p. 403
Nonselective Catalytic Reduction of NOx	p. 404
Selective Catalytic Reduction of NOx	p. 407
Commercial Experience	p. 417
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)	p. 427
Catalytically Supported Thermal Combustion	p. 429
References	p. 434
Questions	p. 439
Carbon Monoxide and Hydrocarbon Abatement from Gas Turbines	p. 440
Introduction	p. 440
Catalyst for CO Abatement	p. 441
Non-Methane Hydrocarbon (NMHC) Removal	p. 443
Oxidation of Reactive Hydrocarbons	p. 444
Oxidation of Unreactive Light Paraffins	p. 445
Catalyst Deactivation	p. 447
References	p. 448
Questions	p. 449
Small Engines	p. 450
Introduction	p. 450
Emissions	p. 450
EPA Regulations	p. 451
Catalyst for Handheld and Nonhandheld Engines	p. 455
Catalyst Durability	p. 463
References	p. 464
Questions	p. 466
New And Emerging Technologies	p. 467
Ambient Air Cleanup	p. 469
Introduction	p. 469
Premair® Catalyst Systems	p. 470
Other Approaches	p. 478
References	p. 479
Questions	p. 481
Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Generation	p. 482
Introduction	p. 482
Low-Temperature PEM Fuel Cell Technology	p. 488
The Ideal Hydrogen Economy	p. 495
Conventional Hydrogen Generation	p. 496
Hydrogen Generation from Natural Gas for PEM Fuel Cells	p. 499
Other Fuel Cell Systems	p. 505
References	p. 511
Questions	p. 517
Index	p. 518
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Catalytic Air Pollution Control Commercial Technology

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