Autonomous Software-Defined Radio Receivers for Deep Space Applications

, by Hamkins, Jon; Simon, Marvin K.; Yuen, Joseph H.

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ISBN: 9780470082126 | 0470082127
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 10/13/2006

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This book introduces the reader to the concept of an autonomous software-defined radio (SDR) receiver. Each distinct aspect of the design of the receiver is treated in a separate chapter written by one or more leading innovators in the field. Chapters begin with a problem statement and then offer a full mathematical derivation of an appropriate solution, a decision metric or loop-structure as appropriate, and performance results.

Foreword

xiii

Preface

Acknowledgments

xvii

Contributors

xix

Chapter 1: Introduction and Overview

(18)

by Jon Hamkins and Marvin K. Simon

1.1 Preliminaries

(5)

1.1.1 Signal Model

(2)

1.1.2 Anatomy of the Received Signal

(3)

1.2 Radio Receiver Architectures

(4)

1.2.1 A Conventional Radio Receiver

(2)

1.2.2 Electra

(1)

1.2.3 An Autonomous Radio

(2)

1.3 Estimators and Classifiers of the Autonomous Radio

(2)

1.3.1 Carrier Phase Tracking

(1)

1.3.2 Modulation Classification

(1)

1.3.3 Signal-to-Noise Ratio Estimation

(1)

1.3.4 Frequency Tracking

(1)

1.4 An Iterative Message-Passing Architecture

(2)

1.4.1 Messages from the Symbol-Timing Estimator

(1)

1.4.2 Messages from the Phase Tracker

(1)

1.4.3 Messages from the Modulation Classification

(1)

1.4.4 Messages from the Decoder

(1)

1.5 A Demonstration Testbed

(1)

References

(3)

Chapter 2: The Electra Radio

(26)

by Edgar Satorius, Tom Jedrey, David Bell, Ann Devereaux, Todd Ely, Edwin Grigorian, Igor Kuperman, and Alan Lee

2.1 Electra Receiver Front-End Processing

(5)

2.1.1 AGC

(2)

2.1.2 ADC

(1)

2.1.3 Digital Downconversion and Decimation

(1)

2.2 Electra Demodulation

(14)

2.2.1 Frequency-Acquisition and Carrier-Tracking Loop

(3)

2.2.2 Navigation: Doppler Phase Measurement

(1)

2.2.3 Symbol-Timing Recovery

(3)

2.2.4 Viterbi Node Sync and Symbol SNR Estimation

(6)

2.3 Electra Digital Modulator

(3)

References

(3)

Chapter 3: Modulation Index Estimation

(18)

by Marvin K. Simon and Jon Hamkins

3.1 Coherent Estimation

(8)

3.1.1 BPSK

(4)

3.1.2 M-PSK

(4)

3.2 Noncoherent Estimation

(2)

3.3 Estimation in the Absence of Knowledge of the Modulation, Data Rate, Symbol Timing, and SNR

(5)

3.4 Noncoherent Estimation in the Absence of Carrier Frequency Knowledge

(2)

Chapter 4: Frequency Correction

(22)

by Dariush Divsalar

4.1 Frequency Correction for Residual Carrier

(9)

4.1.1 Channel Model

(1)

4.1.2 Optimum Frequency Estimation over an AWGN Channel

(1)

4.1.3 Optimum Frequency Estimation over a Raleigh Fading Channel

(1)

4.1.4 Open-Loop Frequency Estimation.

(1)

4.1.5 Closed-Loop Frequency Estimation

(5)

4.2 Frequency Correction for Known Data-Modulated Signals

(6)

4.2.1 Channel Model

(2)

4.2.2 Open-Loop Frequency Estimation

(1)

4.2.3 Closed-Loop Frequency Estimation

(4)

4.3 Frequency Correction for Modulated Signals with Unknown Data

(5)

4.3.1 Open-Loop Frequency Estimation

(1)

4.3.2 Closed-Loop Frequency Estimation

(3)

References

(2)

Chapter 5: Data Format and Pulse Shape Classification

(36)

by Marvin K. Simon and Dariush Divsalar

5.1 Coherent Classifiers of Data Format for BPSK

(8)

5.1.1 Maximum-Likelihood Coherent Classifier of Data Format for BPSK

(2)

5.1.2 Reduced-Complexity Data Format BPSK Classifiers

(1)

5.1.3 Probability of Misclassification for Coherent BPSK

(5)

5.2 Coherent Classifiers of Data Format for QPSK

(4)

5.2.1 Maximum-Likelihood Coherent Classifier of Data Format for QPSK

(2)

5.2.2 Reduced-Complexity Data Format QPSK Classifiers

(1)

5.2.3 Probability of Misclassification for Coherent QPSK

(1)

5.3 Noncoherent Classification of Data Format for BPSK

(10)

5.3.1 Maximum-Likelihood Noncoherent Classifier of Data Format for BPSK

(7)

5.3.2 Probability of Misclassification for Noncoherent BPSK

105

(3)

5.4 Maximum-Likelihood Noncoherent Classifier of Data Format for QPSK

108

(1)

5.5 Maximum-Likelihood Coherent Classifier of Data Format for BPSK with Residual and Suppressed Carriers

109

(4)

5.6 Maximum-Likelihood Noncoherent Classifier of Data Format for BPSK with Residual and Suppressed Carriers

113

(4)

5.7 Maximum-Likelihood Pulse Shape Classification

117

(2)

References

119

(2)

Chapter 6: Signal-to-Noise Ratio Estimation

121

(72)

by Marvin K. Simon and Samuel Dolinar

6.1 Signal Model and Formation of the Estimator

123

(6)

6.1.1 Sampled Version

123

(3)

6.1.2 I&D Version

126

(3)

6.2 Methods of Phase Compensation

129

(2)

6.3 Evaluation of h±

131

(1)

6.4 Mean and Variance of the SNR Estimator

132

(13)

6.4.1 Exact Moment Evaluations

132

(4)

6.4.2 Asymptotic Moment Evaluations

136

(9)

6.5 SNR Estimation in the Presence of Symbol Timing Error

145

(5)

6.5.1 Signal Model and Formation of the Estimator

146

(3)

6.5.2 Mean and Variance of the SNR Estimator

149

(1)

6.6 A Generalization of the SSME Offering Improved Performance

150

(6)

6.7 A Method for Improving the Robustness of the Generalized SSME

156

(2)

6.8 Special Case of the SSME for BPSK-Modulated Data

158

(3)

6.9 Comparison with the Cramer–Rao Lower Bound on the Variance of SNR Estimators

161

(4)

6.10 Improvement in the Presence of Frequency Uncertainty

165

(6)

6.11 The Impact of the Ov3rsampling Factor on the Performance of the Modified SSME in the Presence of Symbol Timing Error

171

(4)

6.12 Other Modulations

175

(5)

6.12.1 Offset QPSK

175

(4)

6.12.2 QAM

179

(1)

6.13 The Time-Multiplexed SSME

180

(8)

6.13.1 An Adaptive SSME

184

(4)

References

188

(2)

Appendix 6-A Derivation of Asymptotic Mean and Variance of SSME

190

(3)

Chapter 7: Data Rate Estimation

193

(34)

by Andre Tkacenko and Marvin K. Simon

7.1 Data Rate Estimation Based on the Mean of the SSME SNR Estimator

194

(7)

7.1.1 Signal Model and Assumptions

194

(2)

7.1.2 Relation of the SSME SNR Estimator to Data Rate Estimation

196

(4)

7.1.3 SSME Data Rate Estimation Algorithm

200

(1)

7.1.4 GLRT-Type SSME Data Rate Estimation Algorithm

201

(1)

7.2 Effects of Symbol-Timing Error on Estimating the Data Rate

201

(3)

7.2.1 Accounting for the Symbol-Timing Error

202

(2)

7.3 Quantization of the Symbol-Timing Error

204

(5)

7.3.1 All-Digital Implementation of the SSME-Based Data Rate Estimator

205

(3)

7.3.2 SSME Data Rate/SNR/Symbol-Timing Error Estimation Algorithm

208

(1)

7.3.3 GLRT-Type SSME Data Rate/SNR/Symbol-Timing Error Estimation Algorithm

209

(1)

7.4 Simulation Results for the SSME-Based Estimation Algorithms

209

(17)

7.4.1 Performance Metrics Used for Evaluating the Estimation Algorithms

210

(3)

7.4.2 Behavior of the SSME-Based Data Rate Estimation Algorithms as a Function of SNR

213

(7)

7.4.3 Behavior of the SSME-Based Data Rate Estimation Algorithms as a Function of Symbol-Timing Error

220

(6)

References

226

(1)

Chapter 8: Carrier Synchronization

227

(44)

by Marvin K. Simon and Jon Hamkins

8.1 Suppressed versus Residual Carrier Synchronization

229

(1)

8.2 Hybrid Carrier Synchronization

230

(3)

8.3 Active versus Passive Arm Filters

233

(14)

8.4 Carrier Synchronization of Arbitrary Modulations

247

(17)

8.4.1 MPSK

247

(12)

8.4.2 QAM and Unbalanced QPSK

259

(5)

8.4.3 π/4 Differentially Encoded QPSK

264

(1)

References

264

(2)

Appendix 8-A Cramer–Rao Bound on the Variance of the Error in Estimating the Carrier Phase of a BPSK Signal

266

(5)

Chapter 9: Modulation Classification

271

(50)

by Jon Hamkins and Marvin K. Simon

9.1 Preliminaries

272

(2)

9.1.1 Signal Model

272

(1)

9.1.2 Conditional-Likelihood Function

273

(1)

9.2 Modulation Classifiers

274

(4)

9.2.1 ML Classifiers

274

(2)

9.2.2 Suboptimum Classifiers

276

(2)

9.3 Threshold Optimization

278

(3)

9.3.1 Suboptimality of Previously Derived Thresholds

278

(1)

9.3.2 Empirical Threshold Optimization

279

(2)

9.4 Complexity

281

(2)

9.4.1 ML Classifier

281

(1)

9.4.2 Coarse Integral Approximate ML Classifier

282

(1)

9.4.3 qGLRT Classifier

282

(1)

9.4.4 qLLR and nqLLR

282

(1)

9.5 Classification Error Floor

283

(1)

9.6 Numerical Results

284

(5)

9.7 Unknown Symbol Timing

289

(3)

9.8 BPSK/π/4-QPSK Classification

292

(3)

9.8.1 ML Noncoherent Classifier Averaging over Data, then Carrier Phase

292

(1)

9.8.2 ML Noncoherent Classifier Averaging over Carrier Phase, then Data

293

(1)

9.8.3 Suboptimum Classifiers

294

(1)

9.9 Noncoherent Classification of Offset Quadrature Modulations

295

(13)

9.9.1 Channel Model and Conditional-Likelihood Function

296

(3)

9.9.2 Classification of OQPSK versus BPSK

299

(2)

9.9.3 Suboptimum (Simpler to Implement) Classifiers

301

(5)

9.9.4 Classification of MSK versus QPSK

306

(2)

9.10 Modulation Classification in the Presence of Residual Carrier Frequency Offset

308

(1)

References

309

(2)

Appendix 9-A Parameter Estimation for the GLRT

311

(4)

Appendix 9-B ML Estimation of Carrier Phase for n/4-QPSK Modulation

315

(6)

Chapter 10: Symbol Synchronization

321

(70)

by Marvin K. Simon

10.1 MAP-Motivated Closed-Loop Symbol Synchronization

323

(2)

10.2 The DTTL as an Implementation of the MAP Estimation Loop for Binary NRZ Signals at High SNR

325

(3)

10.3 Conventional versus Linear Data Transition Tracking Loop

328

(10)

10.3.1 The Loop S-Curve

331

(2)

10.3.2 Noise Performance

333

(2)

10.3.3 Mean-Squared Timing-Error Performance

335

(3)

10.4 Simplified MAP-Motivated Closed-Loop Symbol Synchronizers for M-PSK

338

(1)

10.5 MAP Sliding-Window Estimation of Symbol Timing

339

(8)

10.5.1 A Brief Discussion of Performance and Its Bounds for Open- and Closed-Loop Symbol-Timing Techniques

341

(2)

10.5.2 Formulation of the Sliding-Window Estimator

343

(3)

10.5.3 Extension to Other Pulse Shapes

346

(1)

10.6 Symbol Synchronization in the Absence of Carrier Phase Information

347

(30)

10.6.1 Suboptimum Schemes

347

(12)

10.6.2 The Noncoherent DTTL

359

(18)

10.7 The Impact of Carrier Frequency Offset on Performance

377

(9)

10.7.1 S-Curve Performance

381

(3)

10.7.2 Noise Performance

384

(1)

10.7.3 Mean-Squared Timing-Error Performance

384

(1)

10.7.4 A Final Note

385

(1)

10.8 Coarse Estimation of Symbol Timing for Use in SNR Estimation

386

(3)

References

389

(2)

Chapter 11: Implementation and Interaction of Estimators and Classifiers

391

(20)

by Jon Hamkins and Hooman Shirani-Mehr

11.1 Signal Model

392

(1)

11.2 Interaction of Estimator and Classifiers

393

(2)

11.3 Coarse and Fine Estimators/Classifiers

395

(13)

11.3.1 Modulation Index Estimation

395

(2)

11.3.2 Frequency Correction

397

(1)

11.3.3 Joint Estimation of Data Rate, Data Format, SNR, and Coarse Symbol Timing

398

(2)

11.3.4 Modulation Classification

400

(3)

11.3.5 Carrier Synchronization

403

(3)

11.3.6 Symbol Synchronization

406

(2)

Reference

408

(3)

Acronyms and Abbreviations

411

(6)

Index

417

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Autonomous Software-Defined Radio Receivers for Deep Space Applications

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials