Moons & Planets

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ISBN: 9780534546304 | 0534546307
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 8/1/1998

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A new easy-to-understand approach to the study of planets! MOONS AND PLANETS teaches you about planets in general, instead of asking you to remember lots of details about each one. Plus, it's full of the latest scientific breakthroughs, like the landing of the NEAR spacecraft on an asteroid. And with tons of study tools built right in, you'll be ready for the test as well.

Chapter One Introduction: Planetary Science and the Cosmic Perspective

(8)

Why Study Planets?

(1)

A Cosmic Perspective

(1)

Socio-Environmental Issues on the Space Frontier

(1)

A View of Science

(1)

Planetary Science

(1)

Implementing Planetary Science

(1)

Evolutionary Viewpoint of this Book

(1)

Planetary Evolution: A Modern Conundrum

(1)

Summary

(1)

Concepts

(1)

Problems

(1)

Projects

(2)

Chapter Two The Solar System: An Overview

(38)

What Is a Planet?

(3)

Bode's Rule

(1)

A Survey of the Planets

(25)

Mercury

(1)

Venus

(2)

Earth

(2)

Moon

(1)

Mars

(5)

Jupiter

(4)

Small Worlds of the Outer Solar System: A Simplified Overview

(1)

Callisto

(1)

Ganymede

(1)

Europa

(1)

(2)

Saturn

(2)

Saturn's Satellites

(1)

Titan

(1)

Uranus

(1)

Neptune

(2)

Pluto

(1)

"Planet X?"

(2)

Telescopic Appearance of the Planets

(1)

Miscellaneous Basic Data and Terminology

(4)

Summary

(1)

Concepts

(1)

Problems

(1)

Projects

(3)

Chapter Three Celestial Mechanics

(28)

Historical Development Through the Renaissance

(1)

Kepler's Laws

(1)

Newton's Laws

(1)

Orbits

(2)

Circular Velocity

(1)

Mathematical Notes on Kepler's Laws

(1)

Escape Velocity

(1)

Astrometry, Orbit Determination, and the Doppler Shift

(1)

The Three Body Problem

(5)

Perturbations and Resonances

(1)

Mathematical Notes on the Law of Gravitation

(1)

Lagrangian Points

(1)

Mathematical Notes on Circular Velocity

(1)

Mathematical Notes on Escape Velocity

(1)

Mathematical Notes on the Velocity Equation

(1)

Mathematical Notes on the Doppler Effect

(1)

Horseshoe Orbits

(1)

Tidal Effects

(2)

Mathematical Notes on Tidal Forces

(1)

Tidal Evolution of Orbits and Rotation Rates

(1)

Roche's Limit

(1)

Tidal Heating

(1)

Mathematical Notes on Roche's Limit

(1)

Rings

(5)

Dynamical Effects of Solar Radiation and Solar Wind

(4)

Radiation Pressure

(1)

Mathematical Notes on Radiation Pressure

(1)

Solar Wind and Interplanetary Gas Motions

(1)

Poynting-Robertson Effect

(1)

Mathematical Notes on the Poynting-Robertson Effect

(1)

Yarkovsky Effect

(1)

Turbulence

(1)

Mathematical Notes on Turbulence

(1)

Summary

(1)

Concepts

(1)

Problems

(1)

Advanced Problems

(3)

Chapter Four The Formation of Stars and Planetary Material

(24)

Evidence That Stars Are Forming Today

(1)

The Interstellar Material

(3)

Molecules, Molecular Clouds, and Dust

(1)

Gravitational Collapse: A Theory of Star Formation

(2)

The Virtual Theorem

(1)

Comment on the Formation of Just About Everything

(1)

Newly Formed Stars: Theory and Direct Observations

(4)

Bok Globules

(1)

Mathematical Notes on the Virial Theorem

(1)

Cocoon Nebulae

(3)

Bipolar Mass Ejection and Herbig-Haro Objects

(1)

The H-R Diagram: A Tool for Discussing Protostar Evolution

(4)

Mathematical Notes on Wien's Law and Temperature Measurement

(1)

Protostars and the H-R Diagram

(1)

Evolutionary Track of a Protostar as Observed from Outside Cocoon Nebula

(1)

T Tauri Stars: A Later Stage in Star Formation

(1)

FU Orionis Stars: Infall of the Nebula

(1)

Beta Pictoris Systems: Residual Dust Disks

(2)

Binary and Multiple Stars

(1)

Rarity of Single Stars

(1)

Planetary Systems of Other Stars

(3)

Orbits as a Test of the Origin of Companions

(1)

Earth-sized Alien Planets?

(1)

Origins of Binary, Multiple, and Planetary Systems

(1)

Summary

(2)

Concepts

(1)

Problems

(1)

Advanced Problems

(2)

Chapter Five The Formation of Planets and Satellites

(28)

Date and Duration of Solar System Formation

(2)

Formation Age of the Solar System

(1)

Did a Nearby Supernova Explode Just Before the Solar System Formed?

100

(1)

Formation Interval and Duration of the Formative Process

101

(1)

Solar System Characteristics To Be Explained by a Successful Theory

101

(1)

The Solar Nebula: The Nebular Hypothesis Confirmed

102

(3)

Origin and Mass of the Solar Nebula

102

(1)

Composition and Shape of the Solar Nebula

103

(1)

Density and Pressure in the Solar Nebula

104

(1)

Mathematic Notes on the Shape of the Solar Nebula

104

(1)

Cooling of the Solar Nebula

105

(1)

Magnetic Effects

105

(1)

Was the Solar Nebula Highly Ionized?

106

(1)

Magnetic Braking of the Sun's Rotation

106

(1)

First Planetary Material: Evolution of Dust in the Solar Nebula

106

(5)

The Condensation Process

106

(2)

Condensation of the High-Temperature Refractories

108

(1)

Major Condensates: Nickel-Iron and Silicates

108

(2)

The Carbonaceous Condensates

110

(1)

More Major Condensates: The Ices

110

(1)

Gross Compositions of the Planets

111

(1)

Chemical Complexities

111

(1)

Further Evolution of the Solar Nebula Dust

111

(3)

Collisional Accretion of Subkilometer Planetesimals?

112

(1)

Gravitational Collapse of Kilometer-Scale Planetesimals?

113

(1)

Mathematical Notes on Collision Velocities

114

(1)

Collision Accretion of Full-Scale Terrestrial Planets

114

(2)

Forming the Giant Planets

116

(1)

Sweep-up of the Last Planetesimals

117

(1)

Ring Systems as Clues to Planetary Origin

117

(1)

Origin of Satellites

118

(6)

Major Prograde Satellites: Miniature Solar Systems

118

(1)

Captured Satellites

119

(2)

Jupiter's Eight Outer Captured Moons: A Cosmogonic Puzzle

121

(1)

Origin of Earth's Moon

121

(1)

Other Satellites of Catastrophic Origin: Charon, and Selected Asteroids?

122

(2)

Summary

124

(1)

Concepts

124

(1)

Problems

124

(1)

Advanced Problems

125

(2)

Chapter Six Meteorites and Meteoritics

127

(28)

Fate of Planetesimals

127

(1)

Ejection from the Solar System

127

(1)

Collision with Planets

127

(1)

Capture into Satellite Orbits or Resonant Orbits

127

(1)

Fragmentation

127

(1)

Preservation until Today

128

(1)

Meteorites as "Free Samples" of Planetesimals

128

(2)

Meteoritics and Some Associated Definitions

130

(1)

History of Meteorite Studies

130

(2)

Phenomena of Meteorite Falls

132

(1)

Sound

132

(1)

Brightness

132

(1)

Train

132

(1)

Temperature

132

(1)

Velocity

132

(1)

Impact Rates: Meteoroid Flux

132

(2)

Present-Day Impact Rates

133

(1)

Primeval Impact Rates--The Early Intense Bombardment

133

Impact Rates on Other Planets

132

A Meteorite Classification System

134

(2)

Chondrules

136

(2)

Carbonaceous Chondrites

138

(2)

Chondrites

140

(1)

Gas-Rich Chondrites

140

(1)

Achondrites

141

(1)

Stony-Irons

142

(1)

Irons

142

(1)

Widmanstatten Pattern: Size of Parent Bodies

142

(1)

Neumann Bands: Evidence for Collisions

143

(1)

Brecciated Meteorites: Proof of Collisional Mixing

143

(1)

Meteorite Ages

143

(2)

Mathematical Notes on the Rubidium-Strontium System of Rock Age Measurement

144

(1)

Cosmic Ray Exposure Ages and the Yarkovsky Effect

145

(1)

Clustering of Ages: Evidence for Specific Collision

145

(1)

Date of Fall

146

(1)

Tektites

146

(1)

Where Do Meteorites Come From?-Orbits and Origins

146

(2)

Meteorites From the Moon and Mars

148

(1)

Siberia 1908: A Grand Meteoritic Explosion

149

(3)

Summary

152

(1)

Concepts

152

(1)

Problems

153

(1)

Advanced Problems

153

(2)

Chapter Seven Interplanetary Worldlets: Asteroids and Comets

155

(36)

Comets: From Omens to Interplanetary Bodies

155

(1)

The Comet Discovery Process

156

(1)

Asteroids: Discovering a New Class of Solar System Bodies

156

(1)

Small Bodies: Confusion Among Types

157

(4)

Can Some Asteroids Be Comets and Vice Versa?

160

(1)

Expanding the Inventory: Centaurs and Kuiper Belt Objects

161

(1)

Compositional Trends: The Taxonomic Classes

162

(4)

Spectroscopic Properties and the Taxonomic Classes

162

(1)

Do the S-class Asteroids Equal Chondritic Meteorites?

163

(1)

The Small-Body Zones of the Solar System

163

(3)

How Asteroids and Comets Reached Their Present Locations

166

(2)

Trojan Asteroid Histories

167

(1)

Relating Small Moons to Asteroids and Comets

167

(1)

Evidence of Collisional Fragmentation: Hirayama Families

168

(1)

Physical Nature of Asteroids and Comets

169

(4)

Asteroids' Moons and Compound Shapes

169

(2)

Absolute Magnitudes, Sizes, Albedos, and Masses of Interplanetary Bodies

171

(2)

Densities of Interplanetary Bodies

173

(1)

When the Ice Sublimes: Phenomena of Active Comets

173

(3)

Tails and Comas: Appearance and Composition

174

(1)

Composition of Comet Solid Materials

174

(2)

Rotation and Shapes of Interplanetary Bodies

176

(1)

Feasibility of Irregular Shape as a Function of Size

176

(1)

Centrifugal Force Versus Gravity

176

(1)

Asteroid Rotations as a Clue to Planet Evolution

176

(1)

Number and Size Distributions of Asteroids and Comets

177

(2)

Mathematical Notes on Maximum Rotation Rates

178

(1)

Mathematical Notes on Maximum Size of Irregular Bodies

178

(1)

Mass Distribution as a Clue to Collisional History

178

(1)

Numbers and Size Distribution of Comets

179

(1)

Fragmentation and Outbursts of Comets

179

(1)

Meteors and Cometary Meteor Showers

180

(3)

Velocities and Orbits

180

(1)

Meteor Showers and Comets

181

(1)

Physical Nature of Cometary Meteoroids

182

(1)

Meteoroid Ejection Velocities

183

(1)

Zodiacal Light

183

(2)

Pristine Bodies

185

(1)

Exploring Asteroids

186

(2)

Visiting Asteroids

186

(1)

The Asteroid Threat Versus the Asteroid Opportunity

186

(2)

Summary

188

(1)

Concepts

188

(1)

Problems

188

(1)

Advanced Problems

189

(2)

Chapter Eight Planetary Interiors

191

(46)

Four Basic Observations and a Basic Concept

191

(1)

Theoretical Techniques for Calculating Interior Conditions

191

(1)

The Equation of State

191

(1)

Computer Models of Planets

192

(1)

Plastic Flow Inside Planets

192

(1)

Changes of State

193

(2)

Minerals, Rocks, and Ices

193

(1)

Melting

193

(1)

Mathematical Notes on Pressures Inside Planets

194

(1)

Solid State Phase Changes

194

(1)

Laboratory Experiments Versus Theory of State Changes

195

(1)

Pressure Ionization and Metallic States in Giant Planets

195

(1)

A Density-Mass Diagram for Planets

195

(1)

Differentiation

196

(1)

Additional Observational Checks on Planetary Models

197

(3)

Moment of Inertia

198

(1)

Geometric Oblateness

198

(1)

Gravitational Field and Dynamical Ellipticity

198

(1)

Rotation Rate

199

(1)

Surface Heat Flow and Temperature Gradient

199

(1)

Composition of Neighboring Planets and Meteorites

200

(1)

Magnetic Field

200

(1)

Deep Drilling and Direct Sampling

200

(1)

Seismic Properties

200

(5)

Seismology and Earthquakes

200

(1)

The Seismometer

200

(1)

Wave Types and Early Seismic Observations

201

(1)

Origin of Earthquakes

202

(1)

Earthquake Distribution Plates, Asthenosphere, and Lithosphere

203

(1)

"Moonquakes" and "Marsquakes"

204

(1)

Thermal Histories of Planets

205

(3)

Definition of the Problem

205

(1)

Theory of Heat Transport

206

(1)

Convection

206

(1)

Initial Thermal State of Planets

206

(2)

Principles of Crust and Lithosphere Formation

208

(1)

Heat Balance of Planets

208

(1)

Magnetism of Planets

209

(2)

Magnetic Interactions with the Solar Wind

209

(1)

Changes in a Planet's Magnetic Field

209

(1)

Paleomagnetism

210

(1)

Origin of Planetary Magnetic Fields

210

(1)

Strength of Planetary and Solar Magnetic Fields

211

(1)

Synthesis: Interiors of Specific Worlds

211

(21)

Earth: Core-Mantle-Crust Evolution

211

(1)

Earth: Unraveling the Dynamics of the Interior

212

(5)

Venus: Earth's Enigmatic Sister

217

(2)

The Moon: A Low-Density World That Cooled Rapidly

219

(1)

Mercury: Moonlike, but not Entirely Moonlike

220

(1)

Mars: The Intermediate Case

221

(1)

Icy Satellites of Outer Planets: Overview

221

(1)

Callisto

222

(1)

Ganymede

223

(1)

Europa

224

(3)

227

(1)

Satellites of Saturn

227

(1)

Miranda

228

(2)

The Giant Planets

230

(2)

Summary

232

(1)

Concepts

232

(2)

Problems

234

(1)

Advanced Problems

234

(3)

Chapter Nine Planetary Surfaces I: Petrology, Primitive Surfaces, and Cratering

237

(34)

Petrology

237

(6)

Minerals

237

(2)

Rocks and Rock Types

239

(4)

A Survey of Planetary Rocks

243

(1)

Early Evolution of Lithosphere Materials

244

(2)

Regolith and Megaregolith

246

(2)

Primeval Lithospheric Evolution: Rock Formation Versus Rock Destruction

248

(1)

Discovery of Meteorite Impact Craters

249

(1)

Mechanics of Impact Crater Formation

249

(7)

Features of Impact Craters

251

(4)

Simple Craters, Complex Craters, and Multiring Basins

255

(1)

Utilizing Impact Craters to Learn About Planets

256

(8)

Craters as Tools for Dating Surfaces

258

(1)

Stratigraphic Studies of the Earth-Moon System

258

(2)

Crater Saturation Equilibrium

260

(1)

Crater Counts and Isochrons

261

(1)

Crater Retention Ages

261

(1)

The D(L) Method of Dating

261

(3)

Microeffects on Airless Surfaces

264

(2)

Micrometeorite Effects

264

(1)

Glasses

264

(1)

Albedo Effects and Sputtering Caused by Irradiation

264

(1)

Compositional Effects

265

(1)

Production of Carbon and Colored Organics

266

(1)

The Dark Side of Iapetus: A Case Study

266

(1)

Space Weathering

266

(1)

Summary

266

(1)

Concepts

267

(1)

Problems

268

(1)

Advanced Problems

269

(2)

Chapter Ten Planetary Surfaces 2: Volcanism and Endogenic Processes of Surface Evolution

271

(46)

Volcanism and Tectonics

271

(1)

Rocks Produced by Volcanism

271

(1)

Structures Produced by Volcanism

272

(6)

Mathematical Notes on Volcanic Eruptions

275

(3)

What Causes Volcanism

278

(1)

Structures Produced By Tectonic Activity

279

(1)

Volcanic and Tectonic Landforms of the Moon and Planets

279

(5)

Large-Scale and Global Lineament Systems

284

(1)

Tectonic Patterns Associated with Impact Basins

284

(1)

Mass Movements

285

(2)

Atmospheric Effects on Planetary Surfaces

287

(4)

Windblown Deposits on Mars

287

(4)

River Channels on Mars

291

(1)

Geochemical Cycles

291

(2)

Carbon Dioxide, Carbonates, and the Urey Reaction

291

(2)

The Chemistry of the Venusian Surface

292

(1)

Chemistry and Red Color on the Surface of Mars

292

(1)

Evaporite Minerals on Mars

293

(1)

Temperatures of Planetary Surfaces

293

(1)

Summary: Synthesizing Planetary Surface Processes

294

(20)

Phobos, Deimos, Amalthea, and Other Small Bodies

294

(3)

Mathematical Notes on Planetary Surface Temperatures

297

(1)

The Intermediate-Size Satellites of Saturn

298

(1)

Triton and Pluto

298

(1)

299

(2)

Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto

301

(4)

Titan

305

(1)

The Moon

305

(3)

Mercury

308

(1)

Mars

309

(2)

Venus

311

(2)

Earth

313

(1)

Concepts

314

(1)

Problems

314

(1)

Advanced Problems

315

(2)

Chapter Eleven Planetary Atmospheres

317

(32)

Origin of Planetary Atmospheres

317

(4)

Primitive Atmospheres

317

(1)

Inert Gases as Tracers of Early Conditions

317

(1)

Secondary Atmospheres of Earth, Mars, and Venus

318

(1)

Comparative Planetology of the Atmosphere of Venus, Earth, and Mars

318

(3)

Structure and Condensates of Planetary Atmospheres

321

(7)

Temperature Structure

321

(1)

Mathematical Notes on Atmospheric Structure

322

(1)

Rayleigh Scattering, Blue Skies, and Pink Skies

322

(1)

Radiative Transfer of Heat Energy

323

(1)

The Greenhouse Effect

324

(2)

Condensable Substances-Moist Atmospheres

326

(1)

The Sulfuric Acid Condensate Clouds of Venus

327

(1)

Martian Clouds

328

(1)

Dynamics of Planetary Atmospheres

328

(3)

Vertical Mixing by Convection

328

(1)

Martian Dust Storms

328

(1)

Global Circulation of the Planetary Atmosphere

329

(2)

Atmospheric Levels and Upper Atmospheres

331

(2)

Troposphere, Tropopause, and Stratosphere

331

(1)

Temperature Irregularities and the Mesosphere

331

(1)

Thermospheres, Ionospheres, and Exospheres

332

(1)

Escape of Planetary Atmospheres

333

(2)

Mathematical Notes on Atmospheric Escape

334

(1)

Summary: Atmospheres of Selected Worlds

335

(12)

Venus

335

(2)

Earth

337

(1)

Mars

338

(1)

Jupiter and the Giant Planets

338

(4)

Titan

342

(1)

Small Worlds and Thin Atmospheres

343

(4)

Concepts

347

(1)

Problems

347

(1)

Advanced Problems

347

(2)

Chapter Twelve Life: Its History and Occurrence

349

(22)

The Nature of Life

349

(1)

The Origin of Life on Earth

350

(4)

From Organic Molecules to Living Cells

351

(3)

What Mars Tells Us

354

(2)

The Viking Landers' Experiments

354

(1)

Fossil Microbes in Martian Rocks?

355

(1)

Planets Outside the Solar System

356

(1)

Has Life Evolved Elsewhere?

356

(10)

Effects of Planetary and Astronomical Processes on Biological Evolution

358

(1)

Impacts as a Driver of Biological Evolution on Earth

358

(1)

Evolutionary Processes on Other Worlds?

359

(1)

Adaptability and Diversity of Life

359

(1)

Appearance of Alien Life

360

(1)

Effects of Technological Evolution on Biological Evolution

360

(2)

Alien Life in the Solar System?

362

(1)

Alien Life among the Stars?

363

(1)

Where Are They?

363

(1)

Evolutionary Clocks and the Explorative Interval

364

(1)

Radio Communication

365

(1)

Summary

366

(2)

Concepts

368

(1)

Problems

368

(1)

Advanced Problems

369

(2)

Chapter Thirteen Martian Epilogue: Applying Planetary Science on a New Frontier

371

(20)

Brief Review of Present Martian Features

371

(1)

Origin and Compositional Questions

372

(1)

Interior Structure and Related Considerations

373

(1)

Dust Storms and Dust Mantling

374

(3)

Water on Present-Day Mars

377

(6)

Condensation of Water and Carbon Dioxide on Mars

377

(3)

Processes at the Martian Polar Caps

380

(1)

The Channels of Mars

381

(2)

Martian Mystery No. 1: Why Did the Climate Change?

383

(4)

Total Volatiles Outgassed in the Past

383

(1)

The Case for Cyclic or Sporadic Climate Variations

384

(1)

Ancient Oceans and/or Glaciers?

384

(1)

Searching for Signs of Ancient Water

385

(2)

Martian Mystery No. 2: Did Life Ever Form on Mars?

387

(3)

Summary

390

(1)

Concepts

390

(1)

Appendix Planetary Data Table

391

(5)

References

396

(23)

Index

419

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Moons & Planets

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Table of Contents

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