Ambient Pressure Spectroscopy in Complex Chemical Environments

Principles & future of next generation spectroscopies

There has been an increasing rush of innovation in techniques to push the pressure limit higher in surface science experiments over the last twenty years. However, these new capabilities present practical difficulties in both performing the experiment and analyzing the data. This work explores the principles of vibrational, X-ray photoelectron, and X-ray absorption spectroscopies under ambient conditions and advanced applications of these techniques. Chapters on emerging techniques and instrumentation provide essential details of this new generation of spectroscopies.

Dr. Ashley Head is a staff scientist at the Center for Functional Nanomaterials at Brookhaven National Laboratory, where she manages a laboratory-based ambient pressure photoelectron spectrometer and various infrared spectrometers. In addition to helping users at the CFN facility, she conducts research in the surface science of metal oxides under in situ and operando conditions. She received her BSc in chemistry from James Madison University in 2005. For her PhD in physical inorganic chemistry from the University of Arizona, she studied inter- and intramolecular interactions of inorganic molecules with photoelectron spectroscopy. After graduating in 2011, she entered the realm of surface science with studies of atomic layer deposition mechanisms of metal oxides at Lund University, Sweden, during a postdoc position with Prof. Joachim Schnadt during 2012 through 2015. From Sweden, Ashley moved to Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory for another postdoc position with Hendrik Bluhm in the
Chemical Sciences Division and the Advanced Light Source. Her research interests focus around metal oxides, including understanding metal oxide deposition mechanisms, the role of oxides in catalytic mechanisms, and the chemical and electronic similarities between metal oxides and metal-organic frameworks.

Dr. Slavomir Nemsak is a beamline scientist at the Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory working on ambient-pressure X-ray photoemission instruments at soft and tender X-ray beamlines. His research group specializes in studying buried functional interfaces used in energy conversion, energy storage, electronics, and electrochemistry. He received his PhD. In Surface Physics at Charles University in Prague in 2008. As a topic of his PhD work, he studied supported bimetallic catalysts using X-ray spectroscopy techniques, including synchrotron-based
experiments. After graduating, he became a Japanese Society for Promotion of Science postdoctoral
fellow at National Institute for Materials Science in Tsukuba, Japan in the group of Dr. Michiko
Yoshitake, working on ultra-thin alumina layers and their applications in electronics. In 2011, he
joined the group of Prof. Charles Fadley at University of California, Davis and Lawrence Berkeley
National Laboratory, where he stayed as a postdoc specializing in X-ray standing wave photoemission
to study solid-solid and solid-liquid interfaces. In 2014, before coming to the Advanced Light Source,
he became a group leader at Forschungszentrum Juelich, managing the Photoelectron emission
microscopy endstation at BESSY-II synchrotron in Berlin, Germany.

Dr. Baran Eren is a senior scientist at the Weizmann Institute of Science, incumbent of the Alvin and Gertrude Levine career development chair, and Zuckerman STEM leadership faculty scholar. Hemanages his own research group specialized on investigating solid/gas and solid/liquid interfaces with scanning probe microscopies and vibrational and electron spectroscopies. Dr. Eren was born in Turkey and received his BSc in mechanical engineering at Bogaziçi University in Istanbul in 2007, and his MSc in micro-nano systems at ETH in Zurich, Switzerland, in 2009.He completed his PhD with summa cum laude in experimental condensed matter physics in the group of Prof. Ernst Meyer at the University of Basel, Switzerland, in 2013. From January 2014 until joining the Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel, in September 2017, he worked as a postdoctoral fellow, studying under Prof. Miquel Salmeron and Prof. Gabor Somorjai, who are two pioneers in the field of surface science, in the Materials Sciences
Division of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in California. Dr. Eren is also a chess enthusiast, U.S. National Master in chess, and a former member of the Turkish national team.

Preface

Chapter 1: A Brief Overview of the Principles of Ambient Pressure X-ray Spectroscopies, David E. Starr
Chapter 2: Advances in Solid/Gas Interface Studies with Ambient Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, Ashley R. Head
Chapter 3: Investigation of Liquid-Vapor Interfaces with APXPS, Clemens Richter, Rémi Dupuy, and Hendrik Bluhm
Chapter 4: APXPS of Solid/Liquid Interfaces, Yifan Ye and Zhi Liu
Chapter 5: Soft X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy at the Solid-Gas Interface, Juan J. Velasco-Vélez
Chapter 6: Sum Frequency Generation in Ambient Environments: Vibrational Spectroscopy at Solid/Gas and Solid/Liquid Interfaces, Verena Pramhaas and Günther Rupprechter
Chapter 7: IR Nanospectroscopy in Catalysis Research, Shahar Dery and Elad Gross
Chapter 8: Enclosed Cells for Extending Soft X-ray Spectroscopies to Atmospheric Pressures and Above, Elizabeth S. Jones, Jack E. N. Swallow, and Robert S. Weatherup
Chapter 9: Time Resolved Ambient Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, Andrey Shavorskiy, Joachim Schnadt, and Jan Knudsen
Chapter 10: Beam-Induced Effects in Ambient Pressure Experiments with X-rays, Baran Eren and Miquel Salmeron
Chapter 11: Contamination Issues in Ambient Pressure Experiments, Baran Eren, Roey Ben David, and Andrey Shavorskiy
Chapter 12: Strategies for the Collection, Analysis and Interpretation of APXPS Data, Ashley R. Head and Slavomír Nemsák
Chapter 13: Data Collection Strategies, Analysis, and Interpretation in AP-XAS, David N. Mueller
Chapter 14: Some Future Perspectives in Ambient Pressure X-ray Spectroscopies: Atmospheric Pressure, Spatially Resolved and Multi-modal Experiments, Heath Kersell, Lorenz Falling, Andrey Shavorskiy, and Slavomír Nemsák

Editors' Biographies
Author Index
Subject Index